Key Events in Telecommunications and Internet History: A Timeline, Study notes of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Download Key Events in Telecommunications and Internet History: A Timeline and more Study notes Electrical and Electronics Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! 1 The Internet Introduced 2 Telecommunications The transmission and reception of encoded information between two or more “intelligent” entities over an appreciable distance using an agreed-upon protocol Protocol Set of rules governing data communications 3 Telecommunication Requirements Language Medium for electronic transmission Air, wire, fiber Protocol (rules) Transmitter & receiver Noise/Interference Intelligence 4 Network Types & Topologies The Internet is a global digital communications network made up of different network types and topologies Here, types refers to the main geographical categories LAN, MAN, WAN Toplogies – how networks are connected together Ring, bus, star, etc. Note: a physical topology may be different from the logical topology Logical topology refers to how the network media access protocol operates i.e. Ethernet hub networks are a logical bus but a physical star 2 5 Types of Networks - Geographic Area Local area network (LAN) Small area: building or campus Owned by single entity Usually large capacity (bandwidth) Technologies include Ethernet Token ring Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) 6 Types of Networks - Geographic Area Metropolitan area network (MAN) Large area: span all or part of a metropolitan area Owned by a public utility or private company Has medium to large capacity Technologies include Synchronous optical network (SONET) Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) 7 Types of Networks - Geographic Area Wide area network (WAN) Large area: spans city, state, country, and/or world Interconnect LANs and MANs Owned by communications carriers Has moderate to very large capacity Technologies include: Frame relay Point-to-point T-carrier, OC-carrier ATM Satellite Point-to-point microwave 8 Topologies T. Fallon, The Internet Today, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1999 5 17 Key Telecom Events Telegraph First public demonstration in 1844 Digital system - dots and dashes Helped put Pony Express out of business Pony Express lasted less than 1 year Telephone Demonstrated in 1876 Analog system 18 Key Telecom Events AT&T Formed to provide long-distance service between local Bell telephone companies AT&T bought the local Bell telephone companies and formed the Bell System 22 Bell operating companies (BOCs) Became a “legal” monopoly by about 1900 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Formed by The Communications Act of 1934 Regulates telephone tariffs for interstate and international traffic Does not regulate within the state This is the job of Public Utility Commission (PUC) or Public Service Commission (PSC) 19 Key Telecom Events ARPANET Experimental, highly-redundant data network Collaboration of universities, research institutions, and federal government Sponsored by Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA) in U.S. Department of Defense Packet switched network Predecessor of the Internet 20 Key Telecom Events AT&T Divestiture Culmination of years of effort to prove AT&T violated Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1982 Consent Decree defined how AT&T would be divested 1984 Modified Final Judgement (MFJ) provided detail of divestiture After reorganization 22 BOCs organized under 7 Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) Handled local telephone traffic Today there are only 4 RBOCs AT&T spun off Lucent Technologies Remaining AT&T handled long-distance traffic 6 21 Key Telecom Events Telecommunications Act of 1996 Shifted authority to interpret and enforce communications policy from courts and other regulatory bodies to FCC Penalties for knowingly transmitting obscene material to persons under 18 Terminate regulation of cable television rates on March 31, 1999 Prevention of exclusion of new or existing companies desiring to provide interstate and intrastate telecommunication services Permission for RBOCs to offer interregional and intraregional long distance services BOCs required to resell their services to permit competitors access to local markets Ended ban on cross-ownership of cable and telephone companies in rural communities 22 Telecom, Government Regulation, and Industry Standards Telecommunications development due to three factors Technology & innovation Government regulations Industry standards Government regulation is a key component in telecommunications infrastructure development Systems and equipment designed to meet industry standards so it is readily accepted by customers Industry standards fit within government regulations Companies with new technology try to influence standards to embody their technology 23 Internet Timeline 24 Key Internet Events 1961 - Leonard Kleinrock publishes paper on packet switching 1969 - ARPANET test 1970 - Network Control Protocol (NCP) implemented on ARPANET 1971 - E-mail 1974 - Kahn and Cerf publish paper on TCP/IP 1974 - 62 hosts on ARPANET 1979 - USENET newsgroup network 7 25 Key Internet Events 1983 - Internet Activity Board (IAB) created to oversee protocol development 1983 - TCP/IP version 4 adopted for ARPANET 1983 - 500 hosts 1984 - Domain Name System (DNS) 1986 - National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) 1988 - Worm virus 1988 - Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) 1990 - ARPANET retired 26 Key Internet Events 1991 - Gopher menu-driven Intenet interface 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee develops World Wide Web 1992 - 1,000,000 hosts 1993 - Mosaic graphical WWW interface 1993 - Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) 1993 - 2,000,000 hosts 1995 - NSF stops supporting NSFNET Internet goes commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 27 Key Internet Events 1995 - NSF starts supporting Very-High-Speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 1996 - Telecommunications Act of 1996 1996 - 10,000,000 hosts 1997 to present - E-commerce, distance learning, Voice-Over-IP, Virtual Private Networks, etc. 28 Key Internet Events Kleinrock’s packet switching paper Defined technique to transport data efficiently over a network ARPANET Proves that computer data networks can work Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Efficient internet protocol developed Replaces old Network Control Protocol Version 4 adopted for ARPANET in 1983 Still used today with enhancements