Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1: Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Pharmacology, Exams of Nursing

Download Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1: Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Pharmacology and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Pharmacokinetics - ans ✅The affect the body has on drugs. The movement of drugs through the body. Pharmacodynamics - ans ✅The affect drugs have on the body. The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced. Drug - ans ✅Any chemical that can affect living processes. Pharmacology - ans ✅The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Clinical Pharmacology - ans ✅The study of drugs in humans. Therapeutics(pharmacotherapeutics) - ans ✅The use of drugs to diagnose, prevents, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy. 3 main properties of an ideal drug - ans ✅Effectiveness, safety, selectivity Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Effectiveness - ans ✅a drug that elicits the responses it was designed for. Safety - ans ✅a drug that cannot produce harmful effects Selectivity - ans ✅a drug that elicits only the response for which it is given. Additional Properties of an ideal drug - ans ✅Reversible action, predictability, ease of administration, freedom from drug interaction, low cost, chemical stability, possession of a simple generic name The Therapeutic Objective - ans ✅To provide maximum benefit with minimal harm Pre administration Assessment includes.. - ans ✅collecting baseline data, identifying high-risk patients, assessing the patient's capacity for self-care. 5 Rights of drug administration - ans ✅Right drug, Right patient, Right route, Right dose, Right time. Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Cell Membrane-Embedded Enzymes: - ans ✅Receptors span the cell membrane and are located on the cell surface. Binding of an agonist drug activates the enzyme inside the cell. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: - ans ✅These receptors also span the cell membrane but they regulate the flow of ions into and out of cells. Each channel is specific for a particular ion. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems: - ans ✅3 Components: the receptor, G protein (binds guanosine triphosphate), and an effector(ion channel or enzyme). Drug binding-->activates the receptor--> activates G protein--> activates the effector. Transcription Factors: - ans ✅Are found within the cell rather than on it. Responses to activation of these receptors are delayed. Activation by agonist drugs initiates transcription of messenger RNA, which act as templates for synthesis of specific proteins. Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Simple Occupancy Theory: - ans ✅1) The intensity of the response to a drug is proportional to the number of receptors occupied by that drug 2) a maximal response will occur when all available receptors have been occupied. Issue with the Simple Occupancy Theory: - ans ✅Doesn't explain why one drug should be more potent than another. Nor can it explain how one drug can have higher maximal efficacy that another. Modified Occupancy Theory: - ans ✅Two qualities to drugs: affinity and intrinsic activity. Affinity refers to the strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor. Intrinsic Activity refers to the ability of a drug to activate the receptor following binding. Affinity: - ans ✅Drugs with high affinity are strongly attracted to their receptors and vice versa. The affinity of a drug for its receptor is reflected in its potency. High affinity = high potency Intrinsic Activity: - ans ✅The ability of a drug to activate a receptor upon binding. The intrinsic activity of a drug is reflected in its maximal efficacy. High Intrinsic Activity = High efficacy Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Agonists: - ans ✅Molecules that activate receptors. Drugs bind to receptors and mimic the actions of the body's own regulatory molecules. An agonist has both affinity and high intrinsic activity. Antagonists: - ans ✅Produce their effects by preventing receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs. It has affinity but no intrinsic activity. They can block the actions of endogenous regulatory molecules or drugs. Noncompetitive Antagonists: - ans ✅These antagonists bing irreversibly to receptors. Therefore, they are used infrequently. The effects of these do wear off as the receptors to which they are bound are replaced. Competitive Antagonists: - ans ✅These bind reversibly to receptors. They compete with agonists for blockade. Whichever molecule is present in greater number will out compete the other. Partial Agonists: - ans ✅An agonist with only moderate intrinsic activity. The maximal effect that a partial agonist can produce is lower than that of a full agonist. These can act as antagonists as well as agonists. Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Implementation - ans ✅Carrying out the interventions identified during planning. Collaborative interventions require assistance from a health care provider. Independent interventions do not. Also involves coordinating actions of other members involved. Observing and documenting the outcomes of treatment. Evaluation - ans ✅Determines the degree to which treatment was successful. Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 - ans ✅Set standards for drug quality and purity in addition to strength. Focused on product labeling and required that variations from standards be labeled. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 - ans ✅Addressed drug safety. Congress requires all new drugs undergo testing for safety. Results to be evaluated by the FDA and only those deemed "safe" would receive approval. Harris-Kefauver Amendments of 1962 - ans ✅Sought to strengthen all aspects of drug regulation. Drugs must be proved effective before marketing. And all drugs released between 1932 and 1962 must undergo testing for effectiveness. Also established rigorous testing for new drugs. Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Controlled Substances Act of 1970 - ans ✅It set rules for the manufacture and distribution of drugs considered to have the potential for abuse. 5 categories of controlled substances - ans ✅Schedules I, II, III, IV, V. Schedule I have no accepted medical use in the US and are deemed to have a high potential for abuse. Schedule V is the lease addictive. Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) of 1992 - ans ✅Companies can pay a fee to accelerate FDA approval of new drugs and hold the FDA to a strict review time schedule. Stages of New Drug Development - ans ✅Preclinical Testing, Clinical Testing (Phase I-IV) Preclinical Testing - ans ✅Drugs are evaluated for toxicities, pharmacokinetic properties, and potentially useful biologic effects. Can take 1-5 years. Clinical Testing Phase I - ans ✅2-10 years. Phase I: conducted in healthy volunteers or in volunteer patients who have the disease. Evaluates drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and biologic effects. Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Clinical Testing Phase II and III - ans ✅Drugs are tested in patients. Determining therapeutic effects, dosage range, safety, and effectiveness. 500-5000 patients receive the drug. Phase III is application to the FDA for drug approval and distribution to the public (phase IV) Clinical Testing Phase IV - ans ✅The drug is released for general use, permitting observation of its effects in a large population. OTC Stats: - ans ✅US spends $30 billion annually on OTCs. OTCs account for 60% of all drugs administered. 40% of Americans take at least one OTC every 2 days. 4x as many illnesses are treated with OTCs than prescription meds. 60-95% of all illnesses are initially treated with an OTC. The average home has 24 OTC drugs. Pharmacokinetic processes: - ans ✅1) absorption 2) distribution 3) metabolism 4) excretion Absorption - ans ✅The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Absorption Pattern: highly variable. Factors involved include solubility and stability of the drug, gastric and intestinal pH, gastric emptying time, food in the gut, coadministration of other drugs, special coatings. Advantages: easy and convenient. Disadvantages: variability, inactivation, patient cooperation, local irritation of the GI tract. Oral drug movement following absorption: - ans ✅GI tract --> portal vein --> liver -->bile(GI tract) OR inferior vena cava(heart, general circulation) Enteric-coated Preparations: Oral - ans ✅Drugs that have been covered with a material designed to dissolve in the intestine but not the stomach. Used to protect drugs from acid and pepsin in the stomach, and to protect the stomach from some drugs. Sustained-Release Preparations: Oral - ans ✅Capsules filled with tiny spheres that contain the actual drug; the individual spheres have coatings that dissolve at variable rates. Can reduce the number of daily required doses. Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ Distribution- - ans ✅The movement of drugs throughout the body. Determined by blood flow to tissues, the ability of the drug to exit the vascular system, the ability of a drug to enter cells. Blood Flow to Tissues: - ans ✅Typically good except in tumors and abscesses. Exiting the Vascular System: - ans ✅Drugs exit the vascular system at capillary beds. Pass through pores in the capillary wall. Blood Brain Barrier (BBB): - ans ✅The term refers to the unique anatomy of the capillaries in the central nervous system. The capillary walls Tight Junctions prevent drugs from passing through. Therefore, drugs must be able to pass through the cells. Only lipid soluble or transport active drugs can pass. P- glycoprotein also inhibits access of drugs to the brain. P-Glycoprotein: - ans ✅A transport system that pumps drugs out of cells. Protein Binding: - ans ✅Drugs can form reversible bonds with various proteins, primarily albumin. Albumin always stays in the blood. The % of drug molecules that are bound is determined by the strength of the attraction between albumin Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023 Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2024 RATED A+ and the drug. This can restrict drug distribution. It can also be a source of drug interaction. Drug Competition: - ans ✅Because the number of binding sites is limited, drugs with the ability to bind albumin will compete with one another for those sites. One drug can displace the other, causing "free-drug" levels to increase, potentially causing toxicity. Entering Cells: - ans ✅Most drugs can produce their effects by binding to activation sites on cell membranes, others must actually enter the cell. Metabolism: Biotransformation - ans ✅the enzymatic alteration of drug structure. Usually takes place in the liver. Hepatic microsomal enzyme system: P450 - ans ✅P450-cytochrome P450- a group of 12 closely related enzyme families. Only 3 of these families- CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3- metabolize drugs. The other 9 families metabolize endogenous compounds (steroids, fatty acids, etc). The enzymes are capable of catalyzing a wide variety of reactions. Drug metabolism includes the breakdown of drugs into smaller and larger compounds. Lehne's Pharmacology Test 1 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Guaranteed Success Updated 2023