LES MISERABLES BY VICTOR HUGO, Study notes of French Language

Download LES MISERABLES BY VICTOR HUGO and more Study notes French Language in PDF only on Docsity! LES MISERABLES BY VICTOR HUGO Hugo - “I don’t know if it will be read by everyone, but it is meant for everyone. It addresses England as well as Spain, Italy as well as France, Germany as well as Ireland, the republics that harbour slaves as well as empires that have serfs. Social problems go beyond frontiers...” Source 1: Background (timeline taken from http://lesmis.com/downloads/les-mis-study-guide-pt1.pdf ) 1789 French Revolution begins. (monarchy) 1798 First French Republic proclaimed. 1792 - 95 The republican ‘Convention,’ ending in Robespierre’s terror. 1793 Louis XVI executed. The ‘Chouans’ (royalist Breton insurgents) begin their full-scale civil war against the republican French government. Léopold-Sigisbert Hugo, an officer in the republican army, is posted to Britanny as part of the repressive peace-keeping force. 1795 - 1799 ‘Le Directoire’, the first postrevolution Government (Directory). 1797 Marriage in Paris of Sophie Trébuchet and Léopold-Sigisbert Hugo. 1799 - 1804 The ‘Consulat.’ Bonaparte takes Command (Bonaparte overthrows Directory and establishes The Consulate). 1802 Birth of Victor-Marie Hugo. 1804 Napoleon crowns himself at Notre Dame; French Empire (dictatorship) proclaimed. Sophie and her three children return to Paris, settling at 24 Rue de Chichy. General Lahorie, now retired and wanted by the police for plotting against Napoleon, lives at no.19. 1807 Léopold Hugo promoted colonel and posted to Naples, where he makes a favourable impression on Napoleon’s younger brother Joseph. 1808 Joseph Bonaparte is made King of Spain by Napoleon. Léopold Hugo follows the French King to Spain and gets a lucrative staff appointment. 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo; France becomes a monarchy once more under Louis XVIII. General Léopold Hugo mistakenly hopes that by rallying to Louis XVIII in extremis he will be able to stay in the army. He is retired on half-pay. 1815 - 1824 Reign of Louis XVIII. 1820 Victor Hugo’s Ode to the Death of the Duc de Berri attracts the attention of the Court. Louis XVIII sends him 500 francs. 1822 Victor Hugo marries childhood sweetheart Adéle Foucher. 1824 - 30 Reign of Charles X. 1830 - 1848 Reign of King Louis Philippe. 1832 Hugo meets Juliette Drouet. Funeral of General Lamarque – hero to workers and students – degenerates into riots, and the barricades described in Les Misérables. 1845 Victor Hugo starts writing Les Misérables. 1848 - 1851 Reign of King Louis Philippe ends with uprising and Louis Napoleon becomes President of the Second French Republic 1851 2 December: Louis Napoleon dissolves Parliament, is proclaimed President with full powers for ten years, ratified by a plebiscite. Victor Hugo leaves hastily for Brussels. 1852 Louis Napoleon declares himself Emperor. Hugo urges the populace to rise against the monarch and flees the country to Belgium. 1852 - 1870 Emperor Napoleon III establishes cordial relations with Britain. 1861 Victor Hugo completes Les Misérables. 1870 Franco-Prussian war ends with disastrous battle of Sedan. Napoleon III forced to abdicate and flees France; replaced by a democratically elected government. October – Victor Hugo returns to Paris, is elected a member of parliament by the Parisiens. 1871 Victor Hugo resigns from Parliament; following the death of his son, Charles, he goes to Brussels to settle the family inheritance. 1871 April-May – Paris ‘Commune’ uprising, soon crushed, leads to appalling carnage and repression. 1871 August – From Brussels, Hugo protests against the Belgian Government’s refusal to give fleeing ‘Communards’ status of political exiles. His Brussels home is stoned and he is declared persona non grata in Belgium, moving to Luxembourg, returning briefly to Paris, then to Guernsey to write Quatre-Vingt- Treize. 1875 Victor Hugo settles permanently in Paris and is appointed Senator. 1882 Death of Juliette Drouet. 1885 Victor Hugo dies; State funeral attended by over three million people. Source 4: Welfare Systems FRENCH WELFARE SYSTEM UNITED STATES WELFARE SYSTEM France has a generous array of maternity and unemployment benefits, paid for by taxes which are among the highest in Europe. The system places great emphasis on supporting the family, especially children. The French state subsidises thousands of part time nannies, or child-minders from public funds. The main payments are these: x $2,400 (£1,500) goes to each woman on the birth of her first child x From the second birth, the mothers monthly allowance goes up to $120 (£70) per child per month x The mother continues to receive her full salary for six months from the birth of her child x The mother's job is protected for up to three years. x When she returns to work, her children get free nursery or day care, up to the age of 6 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/for_christmas/ _new_year/welfare/41052.stm The United States has a different set of family programs. It is the only country whose main cash benefit is primarily for single mothers, who lose the benefit and their health insurance if they work full time. U.S. family benefits usually are available only for the poorest families. • Aid to Families with Dependent Children: Known as "welfare," AFDC is a monthly cash benefit designed to support single mothers. Two-parent families now are eligible. • Medicaid: National health insurance for families on welfare and the nation's lowest-income individuals and families. • Food stamps: Coupons that can be used to buy groceries. • Headstart: A nursery school program for the country's poorest children. • Housing Assistance: Housing vouchers or rent subsidies in government-owned housing projects for the poorest of families. • Earned income tax credit: A tax credit for low-income families. http://lilt.ilstu.edu/gmklass/pos232/eurowelfare/bene14.h tm Source 5: http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0411/US-tax-bite-smaller-than-other-nations Source 6: Excerpts from Les Miserables – Book 10 Chapters 1-3 Book 10th: The 5th Of June, 1832 Chapter 1 THE SURFACE OF THE QUESTION Of what is revolt composed? Of nothing and of everything… At random. Athwart the state, the laws, athwart prosperity and the insolence of others. Irritated convictions, embittered enthusiasms, agitated indignations, instincts of war which have been repressed, youthful courage which has been exalted, generous blindness; curiosity, the taste for change, the thirst for the unexpected, the sentiment which causes one to take pleasure in reading the posters for the new play, and love, the prompter's whistle, at the theatre; the vague hatreds, rancors, disappointments, every vanity which thinks that destiny has bankrupted it; discomfort, empty dreams, ambitious that are hedged about, whoever hopes for a downfall, some outcome, in short, at the very bottom, the rabble, that mud which catches fire,-- such are the elements of revolt… Revolt is a sort of waterspout in the social atmosphere which forms suddenly in certain conditions of temperature… Woe to him whom it bears away as well as to him whom it strikes! It breaks the one against the other… If we are to believe certain oracles of crafty political views, a little revolt is desirable from the point of view of power. System: revolt strengthens those governments which it does not overthrow. It puts the army to the test; it consecrates the bourgeoisie, it draws out the muscles of the police; it demonstrates the force of the social framework. It is an exercise in gymnastics; it is almost hygiene. Power is in better health after a revolt, as a man is after a good rubbing down… "All revolts closes the shops, depresses the funds, throws the Exchange into consternation, suspends commerce, clogs business, precipitates failures; no more money, private fortunes rendered uneasy, public credit shaken, industry disconcerted, capital withdrawing, work at a discount, fear everywhere; counter-shocks in every town. Hence gulfs. It has been calculated that the first day of a riot costs France twenty millions, the second day forty, the third sixty, a three days' uprising costs one hundred and twenty millions, that is to say, if only the financial result be taken into consideration, it is equivalent to a disaster, a shipwreck or a lost battle, which should annihilate a fleet of sixty ships of the line… For our parts, we reject this word uprisings as too large, and consequently as too convenient. We make a distinction between one popular movement and another popular movement. We do not inquire whether an uprising costs as much as a battle. Why a battle, in the first place? Here the question of war comes up. Is war less of a scourge than an uprising is of a calamity? And then, are all uprisings calamities? And what if the revolt of July did cost a hundred and twenty millions? The establishment of Philip V. in Spain cost France two milliards. Even at the same price, we should prefer the 14th of July… An uprising being given, we examine it by itself…there is no question of anything but effect, we seek the cause. Chapter 2 THE ROOT OF THE MATTER There is such a thing as an uprising, and there is such a thing as insurrection; these are two separate phases of wrath; one is in the wrong, the other is in the right. In democratic states, the only ones which are founded on justice, it sometimes happens that the fraction usurps; then the whole rises and the necessary claim of its rights may proceed as far as resort to arms. In all questions which result from collective sovereignty, the war of the whole against the fraction is insurrection; the attack of the fraction against the whole is revolt… Certainly, despotism remains despotism, even under the despot of genius. There is corruption under all illustrious tyrants, but the moral pest is still more hideous under infamous tyrants… In the majority of cases, riot proceeds from a material fact; insurrection is always a moral phenomenon… All armed protests, even the most legitimate, even that of the 10th of August, even that of July 14th, begin with the same troubles. Before the right gets set free, there is foam and tumult. In the beginning, the insurrection is a riot, just as a river is a torrent. Ordinarily it ends in that ocean: revolution… However, insurrection, riot, and points of difference between the former and the latter,-- the bourgeois, properly speaking, knows nothing of such shades. In his mind, all is sedition, rebellion pure and simple… Then the bourgeois shouts: "Long live the people!" This explanation given, what does the movement of June, 1832, signify, so far as history is concerned? Is it a revolt? Is it an insurrection? This movement of 1832 had, in its rapid outbreak and in its melancholy extinction, so much grandeur, that even those who see in it only an uprising, never refer to it otherwise than with respect. For them, it is like a relic of 1830… We shall therefore bring to light, among the known and published peculiarities, things which have not heretofore been known, about facts over which have passed the forgetfulness of some, and the death of others. The majority of the actors in these gigantic scenes have disappeared; beginning with the very next day they held their peace; but of what we shall relate, we shall be able to say: "We have seen this." We alter a few names, for history relates and does not inform against, but the deed which we shall paint will be genuine. In accordance with the conditions of the book which we are now writing, we shall show only one side and one episode, and certainly, the least known at that, of the two days, the 5th and the 6th of June, 1832, but we shall do it in such wise that the reader may catch a glimpse, beneath the gloomy veil which we are about to lift, of the real form of this frightful public adventure. Source 7: Iran and Twitter Wednesday, Jun. 17, 2009 Iran Protests: Twitter, the Medium of the Movement By Lev Grossman The U.S. State Department doesn't usually take an interest in the maintenance schedules of dotcom start-ups. But over the weekend, officials there reached out to Twitter and asked them to delay a network upgrade that was scheduled for Monday night. The reason? To protect the interests of Iranians using the service to protest the presidential election that took place on June 12. Twitter moved the upgrade to 2 p.m. P.T. Tuesday afternoon — or 1:30 a.m. Tehran time…. After the election in Iran, cries of protest from supporters of opposition candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi arose in all possible media, but the loudest cries were heard in a medium that didn't even exist the last time Iran had an election…So what exactly makes Twitter the medium of the moment? It's free, highly mobile, very personal and very quick…This makes Twitter practically ideal for a mass protest movement, both very easy for the average citizen to use and very hard for any central authority to control…On June 13, when protests started to escalate, and the Iranian government moved to suppress dissent both on- and off-line, the Twitterverse exploded with tweets from people who weren't having it, both in English and in Farsi…As is so often the case in the media world, Twitter's strengths are also its weaknesses. The vast body of information about current events in Iran that circulates on Twitter is chaotic, subjective and totally unverifiable… Twitter isn't a magic bullet against dictators. As tempting as it is to think of the service as a purely anarchic weapon of the masses, too distributed to be stoppable, it is theoretically feasible for a government to shut it down… It's quite possible that the government finds Twitter useful as a way of monitoring protesters, gathering data on them and even tracking them down. There are also signs that the Iranian government may be infiltrating the Twitter network itself, manipulating it to its own advantage…Twitter didn't start the protests in Iran, nor did it make them possible. But there's no question that it has emboldened the protesters, reinforced their conviction that they are not alone and engaged populations outside Iran in an emotional, immediate way that was never possible before. President Ahmadinejad — who happened to visit Russia on Tuesday — now finds himself in a court of world opinion where even Khrushchev never had to stand trial. Totalitarian governments rule by brute force, and because they control the consensus worldview of those they rule. Tyranny, in other words, is a monologue. But as long as Twitter is up and running, there's no such thing. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1905125,00.html Source 8: Greece Greece faces 48-hour strike over austerity cuts By Karolina Tagaris updated 11/6/2012 3:02:01 AM ET ATHENS (Reuters) - Greek workers begin a 48-hour strike on Tuesday to protest against a new round of austerity cuts that unions say will devastate the poor and drive a failing economy to collapse. The walkout, called by Greece's two biggest labor organizations, is the third major strike in two months against a package of spending cuts and reforms that Prime Minister Antonis Samaras's government is trying to push through parliament to unlock aid. Athens needs parliamentary approval for the package - which includes slashing pensions by as much as a quarter for some and scrapping holiday bonuses - to ensure its European Union and International Monetary Fund lenders release more than 31 billion euros ($40 billion) of aid, much of it aimed at shoring up banks. The government has implored Greeks to endure the cuts in a bid to avoid national bankruptcy and insists they will be the last round of pain. But few are impressed in a nation where over a quarter are jobless while poverty and suicide levels soar... SENDING A MESSAGE "We are striking on Tuesday and Wednesday to send a message to the government - these measures must not pass!" said Nikos Kioutsoukis, general secretary of the GSEE private sector union that called the strike along with the ADEDY public sector union…Transport is expected to be severely disrupted across the country as trains, buses and the subway come to a halt. Many flights have been cancelled, ships will remain tied up at ports and taxi drivers plan to stay off the streets. Schools, banks and local government offices will be shut, while hospitals are expected to work on emergency staffing. Police were beefing up security for midday rallies in Athens that often culminate in a small-scale rioting and clashes with hooded protesters, but officials said violence was more likely during the parliamentary vote on Wednesday. Greece has gone through several rounds of austerity that has helped shrink its economy by a fifth since the debt crisis exploded but failed to bring its finances back in order. The country's public debt is seen at a whopping 189 percent of gross domestic product next year and Athens is expected to be widely off track from targets under its latest bailout agreed with the troika of the IMF, the European Commission and the European Central Bank. Anger has given away to a sense of resignation for many Greeks, who warn the latest cuts could tear a beleaguered society apart…"They are fooling themselves if they think a social explosion here would not lead to domino effects in Europe." Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/49705991/ns/business-stocks_and_economy/t/greece-faces--hour- strike-over-austerity-cuts/ Source 9: Ferdinand Marcos and Philippines Source 10: Imelda Marcos and Corruption http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines/23719/The-early-republic In November 1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected to the presidency. His administration faced grave economic problems that were exacerbated by corruption, tax evasion, and smuggling. In 1969 Marcos became the first elected president of the Philippines to win reelection… Marcos, who was approaching the end of his constitutionally delimited eight years in office, had narrower goals: he pressed for the adoption of a parliamentary style of government, which would allow him to remain in power. He feared that the new constitution would not come into force before he lost the advantages of incumbency… In September 1972 Marcos declared martial law, claiming that it was the last defense against the rising disorder caused by increasingly violent student demonstrations, the alleged threats of communist insurgency by the new Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the Muslim separatist movement of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). One of his first actions was to arrest opposition politicians in Congress and the Constitutional Convention…General disillusionment with martial law and with the consolidation of political and economic control by Marcos, his family, and close associates grew during the 1970s. Despite growth in the country’s gross national product, workers’ real income dropped, few farmers benefited from land reform, and the sugar industry was in confusion. The precipitous drop in sugar prices in the early 1980s coupled with lower prices and less demand for coconuts and coconut products—traditionally the most important export commodity—added to the country’s economic woes; the government was forced to borrow large sums from the international banking community. Also troubling to the regime, reports of widespread corruption began to surface with increasing frequency… Elections for an interim National Assembly were finally held in 1978. The opposition—of which the primary group was led by the jailed former senator Benigno S. Aquino, Jr.—produced such a bold and popular campaign that the official results, which gave Marcos’s opposition virtually no seats, were widely believed to have been illegally altered. In 1980 Aquino was allowed to go into exile in the United States, and the following year, after announcing the suspension of martial law, Marcos won a virtually uncontested election for a new six-year term… The assassination of Benigno Aquino as he returned to Manila in August 1983 was generally thought to have been the work of the military; it became the focal point of a renewed and more heavily supported opposition to Marcos’s rule. By late 1985 Marcos, under mounting pressure both inside and outside the Philippines, called a snap presidential election for February 1986. Corazon C. Aquino, Benigno’s widow, became the candidate of a coalition of opposition parties. Marcos was declared the official winner, but strong public outcry over the election results precipitated a revolt that by the end of the month had driven Marcos from power. Aquino then assumed the presidency… http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23555294/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/marcos-cleared-million-corruption- case/ March 10, 2008 The flamboyant widow of late Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos was acquitted Monday of 32 counts of illegally transferring wealth abroad during her husband's 20-year rule. Imelda Marcos was exonerated after a 17-year trial in the case involving millions of dollars stashed in Swiss bank accounts… Marcos and two associates were accused of unlawfully opening 11 dollar accounts in Switzerland under the names of foundations linked to the Marcos family to hide alleged ill-gotten wealth… The money -- which totaled $365 million when discovered shortly after Marcos was ousted in 1986 -- had grown with interest… The wealthy socialite, who turns 79 in July, gained fame for the extensive shoe collection and diamond- encrusted tiaras she left behind when she and her husband fled the country after his 1986 fall from power in a "people power" revolt. They went to Hawaii, where he died in 1989. The couple denied any wrongdoing… With a generous welfare state, relative economic stability and 35-hour work weeks, what do the French have to complain about? It’s not the language, as surveys show “francophone individuals are happier than English-speaking” people in Canada. Similar results were found in other multilingual nations such as Belgium and Switzerland. Instead, Ms. Senik points to the “influence of psychological and cultural factors … where culture is understood as a real and not a purely nominal phenomenon.” The study notes that French emigrants are less happy than the natives in the countries they move to, while the opposite is true for immigrants to France. There is also a correlation between the time spent living in France and an individual’s unhappiness. “This suggests that there is something in the culture that makes French people miserable,” Ms. Senik wrote. The socialization of children, especially in the public school system, is the most likely culprit, she claims. “I think the role of the primary school system in France is partly to blame,” Ms. Senik told The Local online news site. “If unhappiness is partly due to someone’s mentality, then people are forming that negative mentality at an early age in primary schools.” The tough grading system could be a factor, she said, since “it is very difficult to get good grades,” in French public schools. Another factor could be the lost “grandeur of the old Francophone empire and influence France used to have in the world,” she said. “People might not always be conscious of this, but they are feeling it. It’s a feeling of decline in terms of international influence.” Ms. Senik thinks many in France feel skeptical and uneasy about the “new world” order. “There is something deep in the French ideology that makes them dislike market-based globilization.” The solution could be to “learn more foreign languages,” and to travel more, Ms. Senik told The Local. This would help the French “fit more easily into this globalized world.” THE HAPPINESS INDEX A report ‘The French Unhappiness Puzede’ plots countries on a chart by comparing GDP per capita with “subjective well-being.” Subjective well-being is an index based on surveys reporting life satisfaction and happiness. The solid regression line is astatistical tool that in this case means above the line: happy. Below the line; sad. France falls below the line (along with ex-Communist countries) while Canada is above the line (along with many Latin American countries that may be impoverished, but are still happy.) e@ LATINAMERICA =o FORMER COMMUNIST INDEX TIVE WELL-BEING 2 > a 45 4.0 3.5 3.0 25 2.0 0.5 -15 Puerto Rico -@ Iceland 4 | c ino ‘O- Ireland é aeons © Mexico eaiand a EI Salvador-@ a 3 Suaten-e United states -¢ 4 ‘Australia-O Canada Luxembourg Guatemala -@ Britain Ba Norwal @ Venezuela o- Sandi Finland-o bo Austria v-O | Wei } atina 9 Indonesia Vietnam China o¢ [Bangladesh 'ran-o 7 6 AVERAGE LIFE SATISFACTION SCALE J ? a © Serbia 5 é 275 — ‘ ‘Slovakia 4 ia 3.50 ~ O- Azerbalia” 6 Macedonia © Estonia 3.25 latvia-O © Lithuania 3.00 -| ois Bulgari St ussia Albania-O Romania 2.15 ~ Belarus -O © Ukraine iraq-o,, ,O- Moldova 2.50 » 9 Zimbabwe 2.25 nsf en nnn nnn 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 T T T 7 7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 GDP PER CAPITA, IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS SOURCE: PARIS SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS JONATHON RIVAIT / NATIONAL POST Student Worksheet: Les Miserables Name: _______________________________ Part 1 Questions: 1) Using Source 1 and Source 2 identify and define the different forms of governments in France from French Revolution to the death of Hugo. Some forms of government may have been instilled more than once in France (be sure to put both sets of dates). Form of Government Years of Government Definition 2) What event occurred in 1832 which was witnessed by Hugo and depicted in Les Miserables (Source 1)? 3) Using Source 3, describe the conditions in France during this time. Part 2 Questions: 1) During this time, there was no welfare system for the impoverished. Complete the chart contrasting the French and U.S. welfare systems of today. Use Source 4 as your reference. Note: the systems are more detailed than what is included. Welfare System in France Welfare System in United States 2) Look at Source 5. How is the French tax system compared with the United States tax system? Remember, in Economics, there is “NO SUCH THING AS A FREE LUNCH.” 3) Source 3 states, “a single gesture of kindness redeems the world; he shows us a civilization based on self-interest and profit.” In the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith said, “it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.” What was the main idea that Smith was conveying? Part 4 Questions: Read Source 6 (Chapters 1-3) prior to watching the barricade scene (after song “One Day More”). Complete the following charts. Chapter 1 Questions: 1) Identify FIVE elements of a revolt. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 2) Describe THREE effects of a revolt on a town/city. 1) 2) 3) 3) Hugo writes, “Revolt is a sort of waterspout in the social atmosphere which forms suddenly in certain conditions of temperature.” Read Source 7. Explain how this example supports Hugo’s statement. Analysis must be at least FIVE sentences (chart). 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 4) Read the paragraph, in Chapter 1, that begins with “All the revolts closes the shops…” Read Source 8. Explain how this example supports Hugo’s statement. Analysis must be at least FIVE sentences (chart). 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Chapter 2 Questions: 1) Read the following analysis of Hugo’s interpretation of an insurrection. (source: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/literature/les-miserables/summary-analysis/part-4-st-denis/book- x.html) What is Hugo’s analysis of an insurrection? 2) Hugo states that “despotism remains despotism, even under the despot of genius. There is corruption under all illustrious tyrants…” Read Source 9 and Source 10. Compare Hugo’s statements with the historical analysis of the Marcos regime in the Philippines. Give THREE comparisons. Hugo’s Statement in Les Miserables Marcos regime example that supports Hugo’s statement 3) Do you think Hugo would have supported the Filipino’s revolt against Ferdinand Marcos? SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER. In your answer, UNDERLINE the data that supports your answer. Minimum THREE sentences. Chapter 3 Questions: 1) When studying historical events, it is important to study long-term causes of a conflict with short-terms causes. Usually, there is always a “spark” to start a conflict. Before WWI, there were four main long-term causes: imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and alliances. However, the spark that started the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Identify ONE long-term cause of this revolt and the SPARK that started it. Then, choose any other historical event (not WWI) and identify ONE long-term cause and the SPARK that started it. EVENT LONG TERM CAUSE(S) OF EVENT SPARK THAT BEGAN EVENT 1832 barricade An insurrection is a sudden conflagration that spreads without pattern, fed by every disappointment, from disillusioned idealism to vile resentment. But for all its destructiveness, it is not ipso facto reprehensible. Insurrections are wrong when they are an attempt of the minority to frustrate the general will. When they serve the aims of democracy, they become sublime (inspiring). "Insurrection," says Hugo, "is sometimes resurrection." According to this distinction, and in spite of appearances, the uprising of 1832 was legitimate. Furthermore, it gave rise to such acts of heroism that even its critics speak of it with respect… Lafayette, hero of the American War of Independence, serves as rallying-point for this new insurrection in the cause of freedom… 2) Give FIVE descriptions of Lamarque’s funeral procession. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 3) In Chapter 3, Hugo mentions Lafayette. Read Source 11 and Source 12. QUESTIONS ANSWERS Who was Lafayette? How was he connected to the United States and France? Part 5 Questions: Directions: Use Source 13 to answer the following questions. 1) Define GDP. 2) How do you calculate GDP Per Capita? 3) Looking at the chart, identify FIVE European countries that are “happier” than France. (read the statements above the chart to understand how to identify “happy” countries) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 4) What reasons does this journalist explain for France’s “unhappiness”?