50th Anniversary Report on Smoking and Health: The Consequences of Tobacco Use, Study notes of Marketing

Download 50th Anniversary Report on Smoking and Health: The Consequences of Tobacco Use and more Study notes Marketing in PDF only on Docsity! LET’S MAKE THE NEXT GENERATION TOBACCO-FREE Your Guide to the 50th Anniversary Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General NOTE FROM THE ACTING U.S. SURGEON GENERAL Rear Admiral Boris D. Lushniak, M.D., M.P.H., Acting Surgeon General I am pleased and honored to release The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress, the 50th Anniversary Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health. This new report: l l l looks back at the important gains we have made in reducing tobacco use over the last half-century; catalogs the devastating effects smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke have on the human body; and looks at the work still to be done to achieve our goal of a society free from tobacco-related disease and death. Because the report itself is written mostly for a scientific and medical audience, we have created this consumer guide to explain the report in language we can all understand. This guide details devastating effects of smoking including nicotine addiction and serious disease. It shows that 5.6 million of today’s children will ultimately die early from smoking if we do not do more to reduce current smoking rates. And it shows that 2.5 million nonsmokers have died from secondhand smoke since 1964. It also contains important facts on the benefits of quitting smoking and free resources that are available to smokers who want to quit. The guide is meant to motivate as well as educate, because the best thing all of us can do to protect our bodies and live long, healthy lives is to say no to tobacco use. If you are an educator, a health care provider, a parent, or just someone who is interested in healthy living, we hope this guide will be helpful in your efforts to learn more about the dangers of tobacco. We are at a historic moment in our fight to end the epidemic of tobacco use that continues to kill more of our citizens than any other preventable cause. The good news is that we know which strategies work best. By applying these strategies more fully and more aggressively, we can move closer to our goal of making the next generation tobacco-free. As the Nation’s Doctor, the Surgeon General provides Americans with the best scientific information available on how to improve their health and reduce the risk of illness and injury. Some of the Surgeon General’s most important tools are comprehensive scientific reports on specific health issues, such as this report on smoking and health. To read the full report and its related materials, go to SurgeonGeneral.gov. 50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General They are found: l l l l In movies and on TV In video games In retail advertising, including in convenience stores Online As a result of tobacco industry marketing and other influences, more than 3,200 children younger than the age of 18 smoke their first cigarette every day. Another 2,100 youth and young adults who are occasional smokers become daily smokers. Nearly 9 out of 10 smokers start before the age of 18, and 98% start smoking by age 26. Every adult who dies early because of smoking is replaced by two new, young smokers; if current risks hold, one of the two also will die early from smoking. 3 5.6 MILLION CHILDREN ALIVE TODAY WILL ULTIMATELY DIE EARLY FROM SMOKING IF WE DO NOT DO MORE TO REDUCE CURRENT SMOKING RATES THAT’S EQUAL TO 1 CHILD OUT OF EVERY 13 ALIVE IN THE U.S. TODAY —OR— 2 27 C H I L D R E N IN THE AVERAGE 3RD GRADE CLASSROOM OF THE 1969 The National Association of Broadcasters agrees to phase out cigarette ads on TV and radio. 1967 U.S. Fairness Doctrine requires public service announcements about smoking’s health risks to counter tobacco ads on radio and TV. 1966 The United States becomes the first country to require warning labels on cigarettes. 4 SMOKING RISKS ARE MORE DEADLY NOW THAN 50 YEARS AGO LUNG CANCER RISK FOR SMOKERS —COMPARED TO— PEOPLE WHO NEVER SMOKED 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nonsmokers Re lat ive Ri sk Male Smokers Female Smokers 1959–1965 1982–1988 2000–2010 The Killer Cigarette In the first half of the 20th century, cigarettes were simpler than they are now. They had no filters, no vent holes, and fewer added chemicals. By the time the first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health came out in 1964, cigarettes were much more complex. Today’s cigarettes are even more so, and the risks from smoking have become more deadly over time. Between 1959 and 2010, lung cancer risk for smokers rose dramatically. Among female smokers, risk increased tenfold and among male smokers, risk doubled. These increases occurred even though smokers in 2000 through 2010 smoked fewer cigarettes a day than earlier smokers. The risk for lung cancer in people who never smoked stayed about the same between 1959 and 2010. One possible explanation for the higher rates of lung cancer is that the filters and vent holes in most modern cigarettes may lead smokers to inhale more deeply, pulling dangerous chemicals farther into their lungs. Why Smoking Tobacco Products Is So Deadly The danger of smoking comes from inhaling chemical compounds, some in the tobacco and some that are created when tobacco is burned. The tobacco in cigarettes is a blend of dried tobacco leaf and tobacco sheet made 1970 Thirty-seven percent of American adults smoke. 37% 1970 Congress passes the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, which bans cigarette ads on TV and radio, and strengthens the Surgeon General’s warning label on cigarette packs. 1971 Last cigarette ad airs on U.S. TV, on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. 50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General 2.5 MILLION HAVE DIED FROM SECONDHAND SMOKE from stems, ribs, and other tobacco leaf waste. The process used to make modern cigarettes includes the use of many chemicals. In all, scientists have identified more than 7,000 chemicals and chemical compounds in tobacco smoke. At least 70 of them are known specifically to cause cancer. All cigarettes are harmful, and any exposure to tobacco smoke can cause both immediate and long-term damage to the body. There is no safe level of exposure to tobacco smoke, and there is no safe cigarette. To reduce cancer risk, quitting smoking entirely is an important strategy that has been proven to work. Since 1964, more than 20 million Americans have died because of smoking. Of the 20 million who died, 2.5 million were nonsmokers who died because of secondhand smoke. 5 AZ CIGARETTE SMOKE CONTAINS MORE THAN 7,000 CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 1972 Surgeon General’s Report discusses secondhand smoke as a health risk. 1973 Arizona becomes the first state to restrict smoking in some public places. 1975 Army and Navy stop providing cigarette rations to their troops. 8 DISEASES AND HEALTH PROBLEMS LINKED TO SMOKING CANCER DEATHS C O U L D B E PREVENTED 1 3OUT OF LUNGS l TRACHEA BRONCHUS l ESOPHAGUS ORAL CAVITY l LIP NASOPHARYNX NASAL CAVITY l LARYNX STOMACH l BLADDER PANCREAS l KIDNEY LIVER l UTERINE CERVIX COLON AND RECTUM AND CAUSES LEUKEMIA SMOKING CAUSES CANCER —IN THE— Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in the body. LUNG KIDNEY PANCREAS COLONBLADDERLIVER 1990 Twenty-six percent of American adults smoke. 26% 1990 R.J. Reynolds ends a marketing test targeting African Americans in response to protests organized by Uptown Coalition. 1990 Congress makes domestic airline flights smokefree. 50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General Smoking—The Cancer Trigger Cancer is a serious disease that happens when cells grow uncontrollably in the body. These cells grow into tumors that damage organs and can spread to other parts of the body. Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in the body. Nearly all lung cancer—the number-one cancer killer of both men and women—is caused by smoking. If no one in the United States smoked, we could prevent one out of three cancer deaths. DNA Damage DNA is the “blueprint” for every cell in the human body—the cell’s “instruction manual.” DNA controls a cell’s growth and the work each cell does. When tobacco smoke damages DNA, cells can begin growing abnormally. Typically, the body releases special cells to attack and kill cells that are growing out of control. However, toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke weaken this process and make it easier for the abnormal cells to keep growing and dividing. Lung Cancer Today, lung cancer is the number-one cause of cancer death for both men and women. Nearly 9 out of 10 lung cancers are caused by smoking. In fact, smokers today are much more likely to develop lung cancer than smokers were in 1964, when the first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health linked smoking to lung cancer. Smoking Linked to Two Additional Cancers Evidence now proves that smoking causes liver cancer, and colorectal cancer, which is the second deadliest cancer among those that affect both men and women. Studies suggest a link between smoking and breast cancer, but the evidence is not as firm. Studies also suggest that men with prostate cancer who smoke may be more likely to die from the disease than nonsmokers. Cancer Treatment People who continue to smoke after being diagnosed with cancer raise their risk for future cancers and death. They’re more likely to die from their original cancer, secondary cancers, and all other causes than are former smokers and people who have never smoked. 9 1990 San Luis Obispo, California, passes first smokefree restaurant law. 1991 National Cancer Institute launches the ASSIST program, supporting tobacco control programs in 17 states. 1992 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifies secondhand smoke as a Group A carcinogen. 10 COPD DEATHS 8 10OUT OF NEARLY ARE A RESULT OF SMOKING THERE IS NO CURE FOR COPD 1 10OUT OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS HAS ASTHMA SMOKING SLOWS DOWN LUNG GROWTH IN CHILDREN AND TEENS Smoking—The Breath Blocker Respiratory Diseases The chemicals in cigarette smoke cause immediate damage to cells and tissue in the human body, including those on the path from the mouth to the lung’s air sacs—the final target of the smoke. Delicate lung tissue damaged by chemicals in cigarette smoke doesn’t have a chance to heal if it is exposed to these chemicals in large amounts day after day. The result is a wide range of deadly lung conditions. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Smoking causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD includes several underlying lung diseases, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, in which the airways are damaged and can never completely heal, and the lungs lose their elastic properties. People with COPD suffer from shortness of breath, coughing, difficulty exercising, air trapped in their lungs, swollen airways, and scar tissue. As a result, they may even have trouble with routine activities such as walking and dressing. Their quality of life can drop significantly. Over time, COPD causes low oxygen levels in the body. People with COPD are at high risk for many other serious diseases, including lung cancer and heart disease. The disease has no cure. 1994 Mississippi files first state lawsuit against U.S. tobacco companies to recover Medicaid costs for smoking-related illnesses. 1994 Seven tobacco company executives testify to Congress that they believe nicotine is NOT addictive. 1993 The White House goes smokefree. 50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, occurs when artery walls thicken and the opening inside the artery narrows. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or peripheral vascular disease (PVD) occurs when arteries that supply the legs, feet, arms, or hands become narrow, reducing blood flow. Without normal blood flow, people with PAD may have pain when they walk, and cells and tissue can die from lack of oxygen. In extreme cases, gangrene can develop and the infected limb may have to be removed. Smoking is the most common preventable cause of PAD. Coronary Heart Disease Components in the blood, called platelets, stick together along with proteins to form clots. Clotting prevents blood loss and infection after an injury. Chemicals in cigarette smoke cause blood to thicken and form clots inside veins and arteries, even when clotting isn’t needed to prevent bleeding or infection. Smoking also promotes the formation of plaque in the walls of arteries and clots can form where there is plaque. This is especially dangerous when arteries are already narrowed from smoking, because the clots can easily block those arteries. When arteries are blocked, the oxygen to nearby organs is cut off. Coronary heart disease occurs when arteries that carry blood to heart muscles are blocked by clots. This blockage can lead to a heart attack and sudden death. Stroke A stroke is loss of brain function caused when blood flow within the brain is interrupted. Strokes can occur when arteries that carry blood to the brain become blocked from narrowing or a clot, or when a blood vessel leaks or bursts inside the brain. Strokes can cause permanent brain damage and death. Smoking increases the risk for stroke. Deaths 13 from strokes are more likely among smokers than among former smokers or people who have never smoked. The more cigarettes a person smokes per day, the higher his or her risk of dying from a stroke. Even exposure to secondhand smoke can cause strokes in nonsmokers. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm The aorta is the body’s main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. Smoking is a known cause of early hardening of the abdominal aorta, the part of the aorta that supplies blood to the abdomen, pelvis, and legs. Autopsy studies have found that smoking during adolescence can cause this dangerous condition as early as young adulthood. Hardening of the abdominal aorta can lead to an aneurysm, or a weakened and bulging area. A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm causes life-threatening bleeding and is often fatal. Almost all deaths from abdominal aortic aneurysms are caused by smoking and other tobacco use. Women smokers have a higher risk of dying from an aortic aneurysm than men who smoke. 1999 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement bans outdoor and transit billboard ads for tobacco products. 2000 Twenty-three percent of American adults smoke. 23% 2001 Surgeon General’s Report calls smoking- related disease among women a full-blown epidemic. Babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy or who are exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are more likely to die of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than are babies who are not exposed. Smoking and Reproduction For many reasons, men and women who want to have children should not smoke. Studies suggest that smoking affects hormone production. This could make it more difficult for women smokers to become pregnant. Pregnant women who smoke or who are exposed to secondhand smoke endanger their unborn babies, as well as their own health. Babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy or who are exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are more likely to die of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than are babies who are not exposed. More than 100,000 of the smoking-caused deaths over the last 50 years were of babies who died from SIDS or other health conditions. Deadly chemicals in cigarette smoke reached these infants before they were born, or when they were exposed to cigarette smoke during infancy. Pregnancy Complications More than 400,000 babies born in the United States every year are exposed to chemicals in cigarette smoke before birth because their mothers smoke. Smoking is known to cause ectopic pregnancy, a condition in which the fertilized egg fails to move to the uterus and instead attaches in the fallopian tube or to other organs outside the womb. Ectopic pregnancy almost always causes the fetus to die and poses a serious risk to the health of the mother. Another possible complication from smoking during pregnancy is miscarriage. 14 2003 World Health Organization adopts the first international tobacco control treaty, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 2004 New York passes first fire-safe cigarette law, requiring cigarettes to have fire-retardant bands in the paper wrapper that slow burn rates and prevent accidental fires. 2006 A federal court finds major U.S. tobacco companies guilty of deceiving public on dangers of smoking and secondhand smoke. 50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General Mothers who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to deliver their babies early. Preterm delivery is a leading cause of death, disability, and disease among newborns. Mothers who smoke during pregnancy are also more likely to deliver babies with low birth weight, even if they are full term. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke keeps the fetus from getting enough oxygen. Smoking during pregnancy can also cause tissue damage in the fetus, especially in the lungs and brain. This damage can last throughout childhood and into the teenage years. Birth Defects Smoking during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Women who smoke during early pregnancy are more likely to deliver babies with cleft lips and/or cleft palates—conditions in which the lip or palate fails to form completely. Both conditions interfere with an infant’s ability to eat properly, and both must be corrected with surgery. Male Reproduction and Sexual Function In the United States, 18 million men over age 20 suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED). A man with ED can’t have and maintain an erection that is adequate for satisfactory sexual performance, which can affect reproduction. Recent evidence concludes that smoking is a cause of ED. Cigarette smoke alters blood flow necessary for an erection, and smoking interferes with the healthy function of blood vessels in erectile tissue. Men need healthy sperm for fertility. Smoking damages DNA in sperm, which can lead to infertility or early fetal death. 1 8 M I L L I O N MALES —OVER AGE 20— SUFFER FROM ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED) SMOKING IS A CAUSE OF ED Cigarette smoke alters blood flow necessary for an erection. 15 2009 The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, directing the FDA to regulate the manufacture, marketing, and sale of tobacco products, is signed into law. 2010 Nineteen percent of American adults smoke 2009 Congress authorizes the biggest federal tobacco excise tax in U.S. history. 19% THE NEXT 50 YEARS IF WE COULD HELP EVERY SMOKER TO QUIT SMOKING AND KEEP YOUNG PEOPLE FROM STARTING IN THE FIRST PLACE, THE RESULTS WOULD BE STAGGERING. 18 1/2 MILLION PREMATURE DEATHS could be prevented every year. 5.6 MILLION CHILDREN alive today who ultimately will die early because of smoking could live to a normal life expectancy. AT LEAST $130 BILLION in direct medical costs for adults could be saved every year. MORE THAN 16 MILLION PEOPLE already have at least one disease from smoking. We could prevent that number from growing more. Despite all our progress, there is more work to be done. Every day 3,200 youth under 18 smoke their first cigarette, and another 2,100 youth and young adults who have been occasional smokers become daily smokers. 50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General 19 MORE THAN 16 MILLION PEOPLE already have at least one disease from smoking. We could prevent that number from growing more. AT LEAST 88 MILLION AMERICANS who continue to be exposed to the dangerous chemicals in secondhand smoke could breathe freely. OUT OF1 3 CANCER DEATHS in this country could be prevented. AT LEAST $156 BILLION in losses to our economy—caused when people get sick and die early from smoking—could be prevented. Saving Millions of Lives There are many ways to reduce smoking rates quickly and dramatically. Among the strategies proven to work are: l l l l l Affordable smoking cessation treatments that are easily available to people who want to quit; Comprehensive smokefree and tobacco-free policies in public places that protect nonsmokers and make smoking the exception rather than the norm; Higher prices on cigarettes and other tobacco products that discourage young people from starting in the first place and that encourage adult smokers to quit; Continued mass media campaigns that inform people of the dangers of smoking and tell them about resources to help them quit; and State and community programs that help integrate tobacco control into medical, retail, education, and public health environments that reach groups of people who might not otherwise be exposed to tobacco control initiatives. TOGETHER WE CAN MAKE THE NEXT GENERATION TOBACCO-FREE Ending the Tobacco Use Epidemic Smoking has been the number-one cause of preventable death and disease in this country for decades. Although we have cut smoking rates in half since 1964, the current rate of progress is not fast enough. The death and disease from tobacco—which claim nearly 500,000 lives each year—are overwhelmingly caused by cigarettes and other burned tobacco products. To stop these deaths, we need to rapidly eliminate their use. We can break the cycle of sickness, disability, and death caused by smoking if we: l l l l Extend proven programs and policies to more states and cities to make smoking less accessible, less affordable, and less attractive; Help everyone who wants to quit by providing cessation resources that are readily available and affordable; Make cigarettes less addictive and less appealing to youth by using federal regulatory authority; and Work to rapidly eliminate the use of cigarettes and other forms of burned products. These steps can save millions of lives in the coming decades and eliminate smoking as the leading preventable cause of death and disease. 20