The Importance of Word Recognition and Language Comprehension in Reading Comprehension, Exams of Nursing

Download The Importance of Word Recognition and Language Comprehension in Reading Comprehension and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! LETRS Unit 1: Sessions 1-8 With Complete Solutions LETRS unit 1 session 1 According to the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress, what percentage of fourth-grade students have scored "basic" or "below basic" in reading? a. 33% of students nationally, equally split among white, African-American, and Hispanic students b. 23% nationally, with African-American and Hispanic students making up a disproportionate amount c. 50% nationally, with white students making up a disproportionate amount d. 64% nationally, with African-American and Hispanic students making up a disproportionate amount - d. 64% nationally, with African-American and Hispanic students making up a disproportionate amount Reading comprehension is not a single construct. Rather, the ability to understand what you read relies on multiple components. Once readers become more skilled in word recognition, which of the following components increase in their importance? a. spelling and phonemic awareness b. orthographic knowledge and background knowledge c. cognates and syllable awareness d. background knowledge and vocabulary - d. background knowledge and vocabulary Which statement most accurately describes how the human brain has evolved to process spoken and written language? a. Our brains have evolved to process spoken language much more easily than alphabetic writing. b. Our brains have evolved to process spoken and written language equally well. c. Our brains process spoken language and pictorial writing equally well, but have not evolved to process alphabetic writing. d. Our brains process spoken language extremely well, and we process alphabetic writing surprisingly well given that it is a relatively recent achievement. - a. Our brains have evolved to process spoken language much more easily than alphabetic writing. What characteristic makes English a "deep" alphabetic orthography? a. Its spelling system is entirely phonetic. b. Its spelling system shares many word roots with other languages. c. Its spelling system represents meaningful parts (morphemes) as well as sounds. d. Its spelling patterns have not been completely stable over time. - c. Its spelling system represents meaningful parts (morphemes) as well as sounds. According to the Simple View of Reading model, which is more important to reading comprehension—word recognition or language comprehension? a. Word recognition is much more important. b. Language comprehension is much more important. c. Word recognition is slightly more important. d. Both are equally important. - d. Both are equally important. LETRS Unit 1 Session 1 phonics Correct Ans ➡ the study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent; also used as a descriptor for code-based instruction phonemic awareness Correct Ans ➡ the conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds (consonants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds. Five Essential Components of Reading Instruction Correct Ans ➡ Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. pictographs Correct Ans ➡ primitive writing system that directly represented or made pictures of the intended meaning (hieroglyphics) logographs Correct Ans ➡ writing system where symbols were used to represent meanings rather than sound (Chinese radicals and Mayan gylphs) syllabic symbols Correct Ans ➡ writing system that directly represented whole syllables (cherokee) alphabetic writing Correct Ans ➡ a system in which graphic signs represent individual consonants and vowels, or phenomes syllable Correct Ans ➡ a unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel; it may or may not have a consonant after the vowel morphemes Correct Ans ➡ The smallest units of meaning in a language; meaningful parts of words; it may be a word or part of a word; it may be a single sound (plural /s/); one syllable (suffix -ful) or multiple syllables (prefix inter-) orthography Correct Ans ➡ A writing system for representing language. describes the relative importance of oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension as factors in reading comprehension? a. As children get older, verbal comprehension becomes more important than oral reading fluency. b. Oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension are equally important throughout childhood and adolescence. c. As children get older, verbal comprehension matters less, and oral reading fluency becomes more important. d. Although oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension are both important, a child with problems in one domain can usually use the other domain to compensate. b. Social context and nonverbal gestures help the listener understand spoken language, so there is less need for it to be highly structured. Correct Ans ➡ How does the language system of <i>pragmatics</i> help us to understand why written language is more structured than spoken language? a. Written language is highly structured because we expect certain types of writing, such as stories, to follow established organizational conventions. b. Social context and nonverbal gestures help the listener understand spoken language, so there is less need for it to be highly structured. c. We must process written language in a highly structured way—reading letters that represent specific sounds and decoding them by reading from left to right. d. Spoken language is less structured because we tend to use sentences that are incomplete, run-ons, or otherwise ungrammatical. d. We know the words unique, uniform, united, and universe all contain the root uni, meaning "one." Correct Ans ➡ Which of these is an example of morphology? a. We use polite phrases like "excuse me" and "thank you" when addressing someone of higher social status. b. We recognize that the nonsense word "hufflelumps" could be a real word in English, but "ngapkez" could not. c. We tend to structure paragraphs with a main idea supported by details. d. We know the words unique, uniform, united, and universe all contain the root uni, meaning "one." a. All meaning resides in the written words alone; there is no additional physical context or gestures, facial expressions, etc., to support meaning. b. Reading and writing require learning new forms of language, such as changes to sentence structure, discourse, and presentation of vocabulary and semantics. Correct Ans ➡ What adds to the challenge of becoming literate? Select all that apply. a. All meaning resides in the written words alone; there is no additional physical context or gestures, facial expressions, etc., to support meaning. b. Reading and writing require learning new forms of language, such as changes to sentence structure, discourse, and presentation of vocabulary and semantics. c. Written sentences are often less grammatical than spoken ones. d. Nothing; children already have been exposed to literature from an early age. academic language Correct Ans ➡ What is written or spoken language that is more stylistically formal than spoken conversational language - language that is most often used in academic discourse and text? a separate neural system for each language Correct Ans ➡ What does the brain establish if a student is learning two languages simultaneously, as in bilingual households? True Correct Ans ➡ T/F Listening comprehension may exceed reading comprehension, but the reverse is not true. One cannot understand by reading what one cannot understand by listening. a. brillig d. martabastical Correct Ans ➡ Which of the following nonsense words COULD be an English word based on phonology? Select all that apply. a. brillig b. ngangmt c. pkumlekp d. martabastical e. tslenuts False Correct Ans ➡ T/F "There are no set rules for how sounds are represented in written English beyond the correlation of one sound per symbol in the alphabet." a. civilian, civilization, civilized, civic d. malware, malignant, malicious, malfeasance Correct Ans ➡ Which of the following groups of words are built around a similar morpheme? Select all that apply. a. civilian, civilization, civilized, civic b. uninterested, unit, uniform, unimportant c. above, abstract, abuse, about d. malware, malignant, malicious, malfeasance True Correct Ans ➡ T/F "Semantics helps us understand words' meanings based on the context in which they occur." b. Maria picked green and red peppers. Correct Ans ➡ Which sentence has the correct English syntax? a. Maria green peppers and red picked. b. Maria picked green and red peppers. a. essay structure b. paragraph structure d. story structure Correct Ans ➡ Which of the following is an example of discourse? Select all that apply. a. essay structure b. paragraph structure c. sentence structure d. story structure a. You address a stranger as "ma'am," but not your best friend. c. You never use profanity at work but sometimes use it at home. d. If you accidentally jostle a stranger, you say "excuse me." Correct Ans ➡ Which of the following is an example of pragmatics? Select all that apply. a. You address a stranger as "ma'am," but not your best friend. b. When you tell a story, you try to build up excitement and suspense. c. You never use profanity at work but sometimes use it at home. d. If you accidentally jostle a stranger, you say "excuse me." LETRS Unit 1 Session 2 discourse Correct Ans ➡ written or spoken communication "or the exchange" of information and ideas, usually longer than a sentence, between individuals or between writer and reader (7) Systems of Language Correct Ans ➡ phonology, orthography, morphology, semantics, syntax, discourse, pragmatics phonology Correct Ans ➡ the rule system within a language by which phenomes can be sequenced, combined, and pronounced to make words (no English word begins with the sound /ng/; the sounds /p/ and /k/ are never adjacent orthography Correct Ans ➡ A writing system for representing language; Every English word ending in /v/ is spelled -ve; the letter x is never doubled morphology Correct Ans ➡ the study of meaningful units in a language and how the units are combined in word formation; Nat- is a root, nature is a noun, natural is an adjective, naturalist is a noun, naturally is an adverb The four region of the brain involved in reading Correct Ans ➡ frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes The frontal lobe is responsible for Correct Ans ➡ the phonological processing system - pronunciation and articulation The temporal lobe is responsible for Correct Ans ➡ phoneme analysis and phoneme-grapheme association and language comprehension (connected spoken words and their meaning) The occipital lobe is responsible for Correct Ans ➡ the visual word form area or the "brain's letterbox" Planum temporale Correct Ans ➡ the junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe where the phonological and orthographic processing systems connect within 250 milliseconds. This area maps phenomes to graphemes or associating speech with printed text. Brains letterbox Correct Ans ➡ located in the temporal lobe; specialized for processing printed words ONLY; specialized for memory, storage, recognition, and recall of printed words as reading skills is acquired. It also helps to recognize other aspects of print such as punctuation marks, diacritical marks, and spaces thin in turn represent aspects of linguistic meaning The four part processing model for word recognition Correct Ans ➡ phonological - orthographic meaning context phonological processing center Correct Ans ➡ several areas in the brain which enable us to perceive, remember, interpret, and produce the speech-sound system of our own language and learn the sounds of other languages lexicon Correct Ans ➡ the name for the mental dictionary in every person's phonological processing system difficulty in the phonological processing system can result in Correct Ans ➡ difficulty remembering sounds for letters or blending them together, difficulty recognizing the subtle differences between similar sounds and words, and trouble spelling all the speech sounds in a word orthographic processing system Correct Ans ➡ encompasses several functions related to recognition and recall of written language symbols. This system is wired into the the left hemisphere and the language-processing side of the brain. It does not perform other visual functions, such as object or face recognition grapheme Correct Ans ➡ A letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme; can be one, two, three, or four letters in English (e.g., e, ei, igh, eigh). orthographic process difficulty will result in Correct Ans ➡ struggle to acquire basic reading skills, spelling difficulties, trouble forming sight words, trouble with automatic word-recognition habits, misspell common words, read slowly because they continue to sound out words even after they should be prosody Correct Ans ➡ the stress patterns in speech including the rise and fall of the voice / pitch during phrasing phonological lexicon Correct Ans ➡ recognizing, pronouncing, and retrieving spoken words from the mental dictionary meaning processor Correct Ans ➡ involves many regions of the brain and is also called the semantic processing system because it interprets the meaning of words in and out of context semantic lexicon Correct Ans ➡ the brain's mental dictionary of word meanings including synonyms and related mental concepts lexical quality hypothesis Correct Ans ➡ states that the better a reader knows all aspects of a word's form and meaning the more quickly he or she can recognize that word in both speech and print. High quality mental images of words in our mental dictionaries facilitate fast word recognition , passage reading fluency, comprehension, and recall of word during writing context processing system Correct Ans ➡ processing system whose primary job is to interact with and provide support for the meaning processor; centered in the language processor part of the brain, but uses other areas as well context Correct Ans ➡ the word's use in a sentence as well as to the concepts or events being discussed in a text Semantic processor Correct Ans ➡ considers possible meanings and selects the correct one LETRS Unit 1 Session 3 T/F During reading, our eyes process each word letter by letter. Correct Ans ➡ true How many letters does the eye normally take in at each fixation point before moving on to the next fixation point? a. five letters total b. however many letters are in each word c. 7-9 to the right and 3-4 to the left d. 3-4 to the right and 7-9 to the left Correct Ans ➡ c. 7-9 to the right and 3-4 to the left The Four-Part Processing Model helps us understand . a. which part of the brain handles word recognition b. how multiple parts of the brain must work together in order for word recognition to occur c. how multiple parts of the brain must work together in order for language comprehension to occur d. that reading comprehension is the product of word recognition and language comprehension Correct Ans ➡ b. how multiple parts of the brain must work together in order for word recognition to occur The area known as the visual word form area or "brain's letterbox" is located in the lobe and is essential to the processor. a. frontal; phonological b. occipital; orthographic c. temporal; meaning d. parietal; orthographic Correct Ans ➡ b. occipital; orthographic What are some symptoms of children who have trouble with phonological processing? Select all that apply. a. slow to blend sounds in words together b. keeping track of different definitions for multiple-meaning words c. difficulty remembering sounds for letters d. trouble spelling speech sounds for words Correct Ans ➡ a. slow to blend sounds in words together c. difficulty remembering sounds for letters d. trouble spelling speech sounds for words LETRS Unit 1 Session 4 A significant shortcoming of the Three Cueing Systems model, compared to the Four-Part Processing Model, is that it obscures the role of in word recognition. Correct Ans ➡ orthographic processing Which best describes the activity of the reading brain in proficient readers, compared to beginning readers? Correct Ans ➡ It is more automatic. Which of these does the language-comprehension component of the Reading Rope emphasize? Correct Ans ➡ the importance of vocabulary development and of understanding language structures B. Phonological processing. Which of the following can pose challenges for readers who are English Learners (ELs)? Select all that apply. Correct Ans ➡ A. Compared to native English speaker, ELs have fewer English words in their phonological lexicons. B. ELs may encounter passages that do not align well with their culture and background knowledge. C. ELs often have deficits in decoding skills as well as having a limited vocabulary. D. When they read, ELs must perform two tasks at once: deciphering words and translating content between English and their first language. A, B, and D About 10-15 percent of poor readers can decode and read individual words quickly and well and can spell accurately—yet struggle to comprehend the meanings of passages. This profile is typical of students with which coexisting disorder? Correct Ans ➡ A. Autism and autism spectrum disorders. B. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. C. Mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression. D. Speech articulation disorders. Autism and autism spectrum disorders. LETRS: Unit 1 Session 7 Large-scale studies have shown that about half of first-graders who struggle with reading will catch up by third grade without any special interventions. Correct Ans ➡ True or False False What is the primary purpose of progress-monitoring assessments? Correct Ans ➡ A. They serve as a rough indicator of mild, moderate, or severe risk in basic reading skills. B. They predict how well students will perform on outcome assessments. C. They help teachers determine if a particular instructional approach is working to bring a student closer to a target level of reading skill. D. They reveal detailed information about a student's academic knowledge and ability. C. They help teachers determine if a particular instructional approach is working to bring a student closer to a target level of reading skill. Which characteristics describe typical outcome assessments? Select all that apply. Correct Ans ➡ A. designed to measure passage comprehension B. frequently, repeatedly administered (three or more times per year) C. useful for comparing individuals to norms for a given age or grade level D. useful for identifying students who need early, intensive intervention A and C Which is a common limitation of screening measures? Correct Ans ➡ A. They are expensive and time-consuming to administer. B. The imprecision of the measures results in false positives—children identified as lacking sufficient reading skills even though they will later develop adequate reading skills. C. There are few effective means by which to measure children's word- recognition skills. D. Test designers have difficulty determining benchmarks that accurately predict which students will pass outcome assessments later on. B. The imprecision of the measures results in false positives—children identified as lacking sufficient reading skills even though they will later develop adequate reading skills. For an assessment to be useful in a school setting, which three psychometric criteria are the most important? Correct Ans ➡ A. normed, valid, detailed B. valid, reliable, predictive C. concurrent, valid, efficient D. reliable, valid, efficient D. reliable, valid, efficient LETRS: Unit 1 Session 8 Many screening measures can be considered diagnostic since they provide extremely detailed data about a students skills in particular literacy domains. Correct Ans ➡ True or False False If a student needs work on phonics and decoding, what kind of informal diagnostic assessment would provide the most useful information on how to help this student with these skills? Correct Ans ➡ A. a spelling inventory to show which features of English spelling the student has mastered B. a word-reading survey to show which sound-symbol correspondences the student knows and which ones still need practice C. a vocabulary test to show student understanding of word meanings in context D. a test of reading comprehension to show how well the student can answer questions about a grade-level text Which of the following is not an area of inquiry to include in a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of a potential reading disorder? Correct Ans ➡ A. Spelling B. Handwriting C. Single-word decoding D. Social interactions Which of these literacy skills have students typically mastered by the end of third grade? Select all that apply. Correct Ans ➡ A. phoneme-grapheme correspondences B. Greek-derived morphemes C. inflectional morphology D. fluent recognition of word families (rime patterns) A, C, and D Cody is in first grade. He almost never raises his hand to participate in class discussions. When called on, he replies very briefly. He tends to use vague words like stuff and rarely uses full sentences. During decoding exercises, he reads words accurately and easily recognizes common patterns; he is a good speller. When he reads stories aloud, he reads fairly accurately but in an expressionless monotone. Which assessment would be most likely to yield valuable information about Cody? Correct Ans ➡ A. administering a phonics survey B. reading a story to him and having him orally retell it C. examining samples of his writing D. administering a timed oral reading fluency assessment