Literary Criticism: “The Tyger”, Exams of Poetry

Download Literary Criticism: “The Tyger” and more Exams Poetry in PDF only on Docsity! Name: ____________________________ Date: __________ 10 Honors _____ Literary Criticism: “The Tyger” Content Synopsis This brief poem is one of the most widely read and one of the most frequently interpreted works in all of English literature, but agreement about the precise details of its meaning is exceptionally difficult to find. Perhaps this is not surprising considering that the work itself consists mainly of a lengthy series of unanswered questions. Many analysts, however, have attempted to solve the problems the poem seems to pose and have expressed great confidence in their often extremely varying and even contradictory conclusions. Other commentators, however, have suggested that the poem is designed to remain mysterious and inscrutable; they therefore believe that attempts to pin down a precisely paraphrasable meaning violate the very spirit of the work. Given all this disagreement and even confusion about the poem's alleged meanings, it seems best to focus here on the stylistic devices Blake uses and on the power of his poetic language. Blake makes sure that his poem's central image — the image of the "Tyger" — receives major emphasis right from the start. He achieves this emphasis by repeating the title word twice at the beginning of the first line, by capitalizing that word, by spelling it in an unusual way, and by using trochaic meter. Usually in English poetry an accented syllable is preceded by an unaccented syllable (as in the word "revolt"), but Blake here reverses that standard procedure: the very first syllable of the poem receives major emphasis, and the word being emphasized is itself the kind of word we cannot ignore. Tigers are unusual, exotic, mysterious, fascinating, and frightening creatures, and were even moreso in Blake's day; they were not then (as they are now) routinely safely caged in zoos, trained to perform in circuses, or featured in wildlife documentaries. Even today, however, they are creatures we know we must respect and fear, and so Blake has chosen a central symbol that instantly commands attention. Blake's tiger, moreover, is "burning bright" (line 1). On a literal level this phrase (with its ear- catching alliteration of "b" sounds) implies that the tiger is highly visible; on a more symbolic level, however, the phrase suggests that this tiger is even more mysterious, and commands even more attention, than most. The word "burning" anticipates all the fire imagery that will later figure into the poem; already Blake is linking two entities — tigers and fire — that are simultaneously dangerous and beautiful. Juxtaposing the bright imagery of the first line with imagery of engulfing darkness in the second, Blake reveals that the tiger is visible in "forests of the night" (2)-a phrase in which both nouns suggest mysterious, potentially dangerous environments that humans often fear. The first two lines offer us frightening concrete facts; the second two lines step back and reflect on those facts, moving from the creature itself to the nature of its creator, and also moving from bald statement to an evocative question: "What immortal hand or eye, / Could frame thy fearful symmetry?" (3-4). "Could" is a key word here: what kind of entity would have the power or ability to create such a beast as a tiger? The speaker imagines a creator like man (with "hand or eye") but also unlike man ("immortal"). This creator, himself immune to death, is capable of making a creature known and dreaded as a killer. And this creature, though terrifying (and thus associated with ugly disorder) also exhibits "symmetry" (and is thus associated with order, beauty, and form). In a few short lines, then, Blake overwhelms his readers with paradoxes and contrasts. He ironically rhymes words with opposite connotations ("bright" and "night"), and, in choosing a word to rhyme with "eye," he paradoxically gives us a term ("symmetry") that is not quite symmetrical. Stanza one ends with a question, but stanza two provides no answers. Instead, only more questions follow. Words such as "distant," "deeps," and "skies" (5) imply impenetrable horizons, beyond the scope of normal human knowledge. Vast physical spaces, in all directions, both horizontal and vertical, are suggested, as Blake implies an unearthly, supernatural origin for the tiger. Words such as "Burnt" and "fire" (6) extend imagery already established in stanza one, while the reference to the tiger's "eyes" (6) in stanza two remind us of the "eye" of the tiger's creator, mentioned in stanza one (3). The tiger and his creator are being implicitly compared: both are powerful, both are mysterious; both (perhaps) are dangerous. Symmetry continues in this second stanza: just as the first two lines of stanza one dealt with the tiger and the second two dealt with its creator, so that pattern continues in stanza two. The speaker of the 1.26a poem cannot think of the beast without thinking of the being who created the beast. That being, with his (real or metaphorical?) wings, again seems supernatural, not only because of his literal or metaphorical power of flight but also because of his insouciant bravado. If the last line of stanza one had emphasized the fear of the poem's speaker, the last line of stanza two emphasizes the fearlessness of the tiger's creator. He doesn't merely touch fire, he seizes it; impervious or immune to pain (just as he was earlier immune to death), he somehow grasps something which, by definition, cannot be gripped and held. If the tiger itself is powerful and astonishing, its maker is even more so. Nothing, however, has been said so far about his morality. We know that from the speaker's perspective the creator is mighty, but we have no way of knowing, at this point, whether his might is disciplined by any sense of kindness, justice, or goodness. Although called "The Tyger," the poem is, by this point, focused far less on the beast itself than on the being who made it. It is that being (after all), rather than the tiger, who provokes most of the poem's insistent questions. Stanza three is once again mysterious. The creator of the tiger resembles both a human and the tiger himself in possessing a "shoulder" (9). Here the word is probably merely a metaphor to imply his power, but that power is combined with "art" (9) — a word implying skill, craft, intelligence, and the ability to make something beautiful. The verb "twist" (10) implies both the strength of the shaper and the strength and resistance of the "sinews" (10) being shaped. This is a being who does not simply create by fiat, out of nothing; instead he must wrestle with raw materials, imposing his will on resistant matter. The muscles he manipulates are the muscles of a heart (the very core of physical life, filled with blood, and red-colored, as befits a poem so obsessed with images of fire). In a neat rhythmical trick, Blake makes the first line referring to the beating of that heart ("And when that heart began to beat" [11]) perfectly regular in iambic meter: first an unaccented syllable, and then an accented one, and then that pattern repeated (in heart-beat fashion) across the eight-syllable line. Rhythmic cleverness continues into the next line, where each word in each three-syllable phrase on either side of the conjunction "and" seems to receive equal weight. The meanings of the questions in this line are not especially clear (what, in particular, do feet have to do with creating or manipulating sinews?), but the repetition, the brevity, the syntactic simplicity, and the plain Anglo-Saxon diction used in the line all contribute to Blake's main effect, which is to bombard us with ominous questions. The brief, pounding, emphatic questions continue into stanza four: "What the hammer? what the chain?" (13). The nouns here imply the power of both the creator and the thing created, while the breathless questions themselves imply the speaker's excitement, even while evoking excitement in the reader. Paradoxes also continue: a creature of flesh and blood sounds as if it is being moved and manipulated like a piece of metal (again implying the strength both of it and of its creator). The "furnace" image of line 14 echoes all the earlier references to fire; the "anvil" image of line 15 echoes the "hammer" image of line 13; "dread" in line 15 echoes the double use of that word in line 12; "Dare" in line 16 echoes the earlier use of that same word in line 7; "grasp" in line 15 echoes "seize" in line 8. In its repeated rhythms, diction, syntax, imagery, and sound effects, the poem has an incantatory, hypnotic quality; the heavy use of repetition of all sorts makes the work seem obsessive — terrified and terrifying. Earlier the creator's hand had dared to "seize" fire (8); now (more abstractly) it clasps "deadly terrors" (16). We are two thirds of the way into the poem and we still have no idea of the purposes or moral character of this creator; all we know is that he is fearless and mighty. The verb "clasp" (16) is even more emphatic than the earlier "seize" (8), since it implies an all-encompassing grip that will let go only when (and if) the gripper chooses. The imagery of the first two lines of stanza five has always been especially confusing. In what sense did "stars" throw down "spears" (17), and how did they water heaven "with their tears" (18)? Are the spears being thrown down in anger (used as weapons), or are they being thrown down in defeat or as a sign of peace? Critics have offered many explanations of this imagery. Some suggest that the falling spears imagery alludes to meteors; others suggest that Blake frequently used such imagery to refer to the defeat of tyrants; others hear echoes of the fallen angels, especially those in Milton's "Paradise Lost." In any case, the vertical or diagonal imagery reinforces the similar imagery implied earlier in the description of the (striped) tiger and the erect trees of the "forest" (2) while the imagery of stars against a black background fits with the poem's earlier imagery of light-in-darkness. The references to water and tears Evans, Robert C. "Literary Contexts In Poetry: William Blake's ‘The Tyger’." Literary Contexts In Poetry: William Blake's 'Tyger' (2006): 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 12 May 2014.