LIVING ENVIRONMENT, Lecture notes of Human Biology

Download LIVING ENVIRONMENT and more Lecture notes Human Biology in PDF only on Docsity! LIVING ENVIRONMENT LIVING ENVIRONMENT The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Tuesday, January 21, 2020 — 1:15 to 4:15 p.m., only Student Name _____________________________________________________________ School Name ______________________________________________________________ The possession or use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking this examination. If you have or use any communications device, no matter how briefl y, your examination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you. Print your name and the name of your school on the lines above. A separate answer sheet for multiple-choice questions in Parts A, B–1, B–2, and D has been provided to you. Follow the instructions from the proctor for completing the student information on your answer sheet. You are to answer all questions in all parts of this examination. Record your answers for all multiple-choice questions, including those in Parts B–2 and D, on the separate answer sheet. Record your answers for all open-ended questions directly in this examination booklet. All answers in this examination booklet should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. You may use scrap paper to work out the answers to the questions, but be sure to record all your answers on the answer sheet or in this examination booklet as directed. When you have completed the examination, you must sign the declaration printed on your separate answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration. Notice … A four-function or scientifi c calculator must be available for you to use while taking this examination. DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN. Living Environment–Jan. ’20 [2] 1 There are over 2000 kinds of edible insects in the world, and they are becoming an increasingly popular source of protein. One cup of cricket fl our contains over 28 grams of protein. The building blocks of the protein in cricket fl our are (1) amino acids (3) simple sugars (2) water (4) carbohydrates 2 Which list contains only abiotic conditions that might be found in a pond ecosystem? (1) temperature of the water, green plant populations, dissolved minerals in the water (2) temperature of the water, dissolved oxygen in the water, dissolved minerals in the water (3) bacteria, dissolved minerals in the water, temperature of the water (4) dissolved oxygen in the water, fi sh populations, insect populations 3 Protein synthesis is accomplished primarily by the interaction of which two cell structures? (1) vacuoles and mitochondria (2) ribosomes and vacuoles (3) nuclei and ribosomes (4) nuclei and mitochondria 4 Identical twins were separated at birth and raised by two different families. Years later, one twin was a physically fi t member of the cross-country team, and the other twin was overweight with slightly higher-than-normal blood pressure. The differences in these twins could be explained by the fact that (1) the genes in the two individuals are completely different (2) in twins, each individual inherits genes from only one parent (3) the DNA bases in twins combine differently (4) the environment can infl uence the expression of genes 5 The diagram below represents various factors in an area. Photosynthesis Animals Plants Dead animals Respiration Ex cr et io n Bacteria The diagram best represents (1) the recycling of energy in a forest community (2) ecological succession after climatic changes (3) competition for limited resources in a population (4) the fl ow of materials in a forest community 6 Traits are passed from parents to offspring. These traits are determined by (1) chromosomes, located on genes, found in the nucleus (2) genes, located on chromosomes, found in the nucleus (3) chromosomes, located on genes, found in the ribosomes (4) genes, located on chromosomes, found in the ribosomes 7 In which cell structure is energy extracted from nutrients? (1) chloroplast (3) mitochondrion (2) ribosome (4) vacuole Part A Answer all questions in this part. [30] Directions (1–30): For each statement or question, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Living Environment–Jan. ’20 [5] [OVER] 23 The Venus fl ytrap is a plant that has a unique system by which it traps and breaks down its prey. Unsuspecting insects land on the leaf and touch tiny hairs located on the leaf, triggering the leaf to close around the prey. Source: https://gardenofeaden.blogspot.co.uk/2010/ 02/ why-do-carnivorous-plants-eat-animals.html The substance responsible for breaking down the Venus fl ytrap’s prey most likely contains (1) chlorophyll molecules (2) glucose molecules (3) hormone molecules (4) enzyme molecules 24 It may be harmful when people compete to see who can hold their breath the longest under water. Without oxygen, brain cells (1) cannot make enough ATP (2) have too few mitochondria (3) make too many enzymes (4) have too much water 25 Students did an experiment comparing the activity of four different enzymes, A, B, C, and D. The results are represented in the graph below. Re la tiv e Ra te o f En zy m e Ac tiv ity pH 7 A B C D 1 14Acid Base The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity A valid conclusion based on the information in the graph is that (1) the pH of some enzymes changes as the temperature changes (2) enzymes change color in proportion to the rate of activity (3) a difference in the pH of an environment changes enzyme activity (4) enzyme activity causes acids to change into bases over time 26 Euglena are unique single-celled organisms. Depending on the physical conditions present in their aquatic environment, Euglena can act as either producers or consumers. Source: Adapted from http://www.microscope-microscope.org Euglena will most likely act as consumers when placed in an environment that has (1) an acidic pH (2) a low oxygen level (3) little or no light present (4) many predators Living Environment–Jan. ’20 [6] 27 The diagram below illustrates the movement of glucose across a cell membrane. Glucose molecules Low glucose concentration outside of cell High glucose concentration inside of cell Key Source: Adapted from http://bodell.mtchs.org/ Which two processes are most directly represented in this diagram? (1) ATP synthesis and the diffusion of water (3) homeostasis and ATP synthesis (2) molecule transport and energy use (4) homeostasis and the diffusion of water 28 The diagram below shows the relationship between the snowshoe hare and the lynx. The snowshoe hare is prey of the lynx. 160 1850 1875 1900 Year Th ou sa nd s of H ar es Thousands of Lynx 1925 120 80 40 9 6 3 0 Key Lynx Snowshoe hare Source: Adapted from http://gaiachange.blogspot.com/p/ global-change-model.html The populations of the two species increase and decrease based on the numbers of each species present. This relationship is an example of (1) ecological succession (3) interdependency (2) an energy pyramid (4) competition Living Environment–Jan. ’20 [7] [OVER] 29 Following fertilization, a zygote divides and soon becomes a multicelled embryo with many different cell types, as represented below. Source: Adapted from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-differentiation.html and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/embryogenesis Zygote Muscle cells Blood cells Nerve cell Cardiac cells Embryo Intestinal cells Liver cells Which statement best explains this development? (1) Specialization occurs, resulting in the formation of a great variety of cell types. (2) Genes are inserted into the zygote to allow for the formation of different cell types. (3) The expression of genes responsible for the different cell types is controlled by the placenta. (4) The genetic information in the zygote is divided to produce a complete set for each cell type. 30 The diagram below represents changes that take place within the human body. Instability in internal conditionsStability Stimulus Response Stability The diagram represents (1) cellular differentiation (3) gene interaction (2) dynamic equilibrium (4) biological evolution