"Living in the IT Era" refers to the current period in which Information Technology (IT), Slides of Information Technology

Download "Living in the IT Era" refers to the current period in which Information Technology (IT) and more Slides Information Technology in PDF only on Docsity! DEO STEPHANIE R. ANGELES Engr. MICHAEL R. BALAGTAS CHRISTIAN A. CARACTA AGAPE A. EUSEBIO ARCEL F. GALVEZ AUBREY ROSE T. GAN ROSALIE S. VILLAFUERTE AUTHORS SECOND EDITION 2021 LITE Matters AN INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IN MST 101D* [LIVING IN THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ERA] LITE MATTERS 2021 ANGELES, BALAGTAS, CARACTA, EUSEBIO, GALVEZ, GAN, VILLAFUERTE 1 CHAPTER ONE DURATION 3 HOURS LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to: 1. define computer hardware and computer software. 2. distinguish the difference between computer hardware and software. 3. know the different kinds of computer software. 4. distinguish the use and difference between system software and application software. 5. define the algorithm. 6. know the use of algorithm. 7. understand how computer connects to one another. 8. know how the internet evolve as time goes by. 9. recognize the different applications of internet in our daily lives. TOPICS 1. Computer Hardware 2. Computer Software 3. Computer Algorithms 4. Computer Networks and the Internet 5. Internet Applications LITE MATTERS 2021 ANGELES, BALAGTAS, CARACTA, EUSEBIO, GALVEZ, GAN, VILLAFUERTE 4 GRAPHIC TABLET WEBCAM 2. Output Devices - An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data from a computer and then translates that data into another form. That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such as a printed document. An Output device receives data from the computer. MONITOR PRINTER LITE MATTERS 2021 ANGELES, BALAGTAS, CARACTA, EUSEBIO, GALVEZ, GAN, VILLAFUERTE 5 HEADPHONES/ EARPHONES/ SPEAKERS PROJECTOR 3. SYSTEM UNIT - the system unit, also known as a "tower" or "chassis," is the main part of a desktop computer. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other components. The system unit also includes the case that houses the internal components of the computer. Some modern computers, such as the iMac, combine the system unit and monitor into a single device. In this case, the monitor is part of the system unit. While laptops also have built-in displays, they are not called system units, since the term only refers to desktop computers. SYSTEM UNIT LITE MATTERS 2021 ANGELES, BALAGTAS, CARACTA, EUSEBIO, GALVEZ, GAN, VILLAFUERTE 6 LESSON 1.2 COMPUTER SOFTWARE https://www.goodcore.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/types-of-software.png Software gives instructions and command to a computer. Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a computer system. The term was coined to differentiate these instructions from hardware—i.e., the physical components of a computer system. A set of instructions that directs a computer’s hardware to perform a task is called a program, or software program. 2 MAIN TYPES OF SOFTWARE • Application Software - is a computer software package that performs a specific function directly for an end user or, in some cases, for another application. An application can be self-contained or a group of programs. The program is a set of operations that runs the application for the user. Examples of applications include word processors, database programs, web browsers, development tools, image editors and communication platforms. Applications use the computer's operating system (OS) and other supporting programs, typically system software, to function. An application requests services from and communicates with other technologies via an application programming interface (API). • System software- is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications. The operating system is the best-known LITE MATTERS 2021 ANGELES, BALAGTAS, CARACTA, EUSEBIO, GALVEZ, GAN, VILLAFUERTE 9 correctness (does the algorithm give a solution to the problem in a finite number of steps?) and efficiency (how much resources (in terms of memory and time) does it take to execute the). For example, we might need to sort a sequence of numbers into nondecreasing order. This problem frequently arises in practice and provides fertile ground for introducing many standard design techniques and analysis tools. Putting this concept into context, given the input sequence: {31; 41; 59; 26; 41; 58}, a sorting algorithm returns as output the sequence {26; 31; 41; 41; 58; 59}. Such an input sequence is called an instance of the sorting problem. In general, an instance of a problem consists of the input (satisfying whatever constraints are imposed in the problem statement) to compute a solution to the problem. Because many programs use it as an intermediate step, sorting is a fundamental operation in computer science. As a result, we have a large number of good sorting algorithms at our disposal. Which algorithm is best for a given application depends on—among other factors—the number of items to be sorted, the extent to which the items are already somewhat sorted, possible restrictions on the item values, the architecture of the computer, and the kind of storage devices to be used: main memory, disks, or even tapes. An algorithm is said to be correct if, for every input instance, it halts with the correct output. We say that a correct algorithm solves the given computational problem. An incorrect algorithm might not halt at all on some input instances, or it might stop with a wrong answer. Contrary to what you might expect, faulty algorithms can sometimes be helpful, if we can control their error rate. Ordinarily, however, we shall be concerned only with correct algorithms. An algorithm can be specified in English, as a computer program, or even a hardware design. The only requirement is that the specification must provide an accurate description of the computational procedure to be followed. Analysis of Algorithms In terms of going places, e.g. from location A to location B, there can be many ways of accomplishing this: by flight, by bus, by train and also by bicycle. Depending on the availability and convenience, we choose the one that suits us. Similarly, multiple algorithms are available for solving the same problem (for example, a sorting problem has many algorithms, like insertion sort, selection sort, quick sort, and many more). Algorithm analysis helps us to determine which algorithm is most efficient in terms of time and space consumed. The goal of the analysis of algorithms is to compare algorithms (or solutions) mainly in terms of running time and other factors (e.g., memory, developer effort, etc.) LITE MATTERS 2021 ANGELES, BALAGTAS, CARACTA, EUSEBIO, GALVEZ, GAN, VILLAFUERTE 10 Common Kinds of Problems Solved by Algorithms Sorting is by no means the only computational problem for which algorithms have been developed. Practical applications of algorithms are ubiquitous and include the following examples: • The Human Genome Project has made great progress toward identifying all the 100,000 genes in human DNA, determining the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, storing this information in databases, and developing data analysis tools. Each of these steps requires sophisticated algorithms. Many methods to solve these biological problems use several algorithms, thereby enabling scientists to accomplish tasks while using resources efficiently. The savings are in time, both human and machine, and in money, as more information can be extracted from laboratory techniques. • The Internet enables people all around the world to quickly access and retrieve large amounts of information. With clever algorithms, sites on the Internet can manage and manipulate this large volume of data. Examples of problems that make essential use of algorithms include finding good routes on which the data will travel and using a search engine to find pages on which certain information resides quickly. • Electronic commerce enables goods and services to be negotiated and exchanged electronically, and it depends on the privacy of personal information such as credit card numbers, passwords, and bank statements. Electronic commerce's core technologies include public-key cryptography and digital signatures, which are based on numerical algorithms and number theory. • Manufacturing and other commercial enterprises often need to allocate scarce resources most beneficially. An oil company may wish to know where to place its wells to maximize its expected profit. A political candidate may want to determine where to spend money buying campaign advertising to maximize the chances of winning an election. An airline may wish to assign crews to flights in the least expensive way possible, ensure that each flight is covered and that government regulations regarding crew schedules are met. An Internet service provider may wish to determine where to place additional resources to serve its customers more effectively. These are examples of problems that can be solved using linear programming.