Louisiana Horticulture Exam Study: Plant Anatomy, Nutrients, and Growth, Exams of Gardening and Horticulture

Download Louisiana Horticulture Exam Study: Plant Anatomy, Nutrients, and Growth and more Exams Gardening and Horticulture in PDF only on Docsity! Louisiana Horticulture Exam study guide 2024 4 major plant parts include - roots Stems Leaves Reproductive parts 4 functions of the root system include - absorption Anchorage Conduction Storage 2 kind of root systems found in plants are - fibrous root systems And Taproot systems Fibrous root system - root system that consists of numerous multi-branched roots that are slender; no one root is more prominent than the other. Tap root system (more difficult to transplant) - root system that consists of one main root that grows directly downward from which branch roots arise; Carrot or a woody root (oak, maple) What should you do if a plant becomes root bound within their containers? - Spread the roots out or prune them to encourage the root system to grow outward 3 primary functions of the stems are - Support Conduction Storage Conduction - the movement of water, mineral solutions, and substances manufactured in the plant. Xylem - water and mineral solution move upward from the roots to the leaves through inner tissues called Phloem - manufactured food from the leaves move out of the leaves through outer stem tissues called What 2 tissues form the vascular system of the plant? - Xylem and phloem Cambium layer - The tissue between the xylem and phloem is called the ____________. Plant function growth depends on uninterrupted conduction. Monocotyledonous Plants (single leaf monocots) - The xylem and phloem tissues are formed in bundles scattered in a discontinuous vascular system through the stem. Corn, grass, lilies, orchids Dicotyledonous Plants (two seed leaves dicots) Gymnosperms Plants (many seed leaves) - the xylem is formed on the inside next to the heartwood surrounded by a continuous layer of cambium with the phloem on the outside. Tree, shrubs, annuals, and perennials Girdle - is a complete circle of dead tissue around the stem which interrupts the food supply pipeline. Nodes and internodes - Areas of the stems where leaves emerge are called ____________ and the space between are called __________. P a g e 1 | 20 Axillary bud and axil - in the angle where each leaf joins the stem, there is a _________________ which is compressed, dormant stem. The angle is called the ______ of the leaf. Asexual reproductive structures - Some plants have modified stem and roots structures that store exceptionally large amounts of food and function as Corms, such as gladiolus - solid stem structures with remains of dried scale leaves surrounding and protecting them. Cycle of changes are controlled by temperature. Rhizome, such as Louisiana - the main axis or stem of the plant is in a horizontal position underground Stolons - Cylindrical horizontal stems found above ground similar to a rhizome Tuberous roots (sweet potato) - roots that do not have nodes and buds Crown - the area where the stem and root tissue meets Biennial Root - Roots that are living through two growing seasons Annual Top Root - Root living through one growing season October until December - Outdoor planting of spring bulbs can be done from Dicot Leaf - Leaf that generally has netted venation, one or more prominent veins with branches forming a conspicuous net Mono Leaf - Leaf that generally has parallel veins with inconspicuous branching between the veins as in corn Photosynthesis and transpiration - Leaves have two main functions to carry out: ______________ and _______________. Photosynthesis - the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are eventually transformed into sugars (glucose) by the living cell using energy from visible light absorbed by chlorophyll (green pigments) Transpiration - the process whereby the leaf gives off water into the atmosphere and temperature of the leaf is regulated to reduce injury from excessive heat build up Water deficit making the plant wilt - What occurs when transpiration is more rapid than absorption? Lower water pressure at the TOP of the plant - Water movement from the roots through the stems to the leaves depends on Angiosperms - Plants that bloom and develop fruit which encloses the seed Gymnosperms - plants that have no true flowers or fruit, but bear their seeds uncovered in cones or similar structures such as conifers Receptacle - flowers are borne on an enlarged portion of the stem called the Sepals - outer set of green floral leaves called __________ enclose the other parts of the flower until these are nearly mature. Calyx - collectively, the sepals comprise the ______. Corolla - An entire set of petals is called the ________. P a g e 2 | 20 Adhesion - When a substance clings to a different substance, it is said to _____________to the foreign material. Cohere - When a substance clings to itself, the similar particles are said to _____________ each other. Clay soils - which type of soil as small pores and hold water tightly by adhesion? Microclimate - areas with certain consistent variations in light, temperature, and moisture in a garden Heat - a form of energy without which life cannot exist The British thermal unit (BTU) - is the amount of heat required to increase temperature of one pound of water 1degrees F. Calorie (c) - is the amount of heat required to increase temperature of one gram of water 1 degrees c. Heat Intensity - is measured by temperature which is not relevant to the quantity of heat present Level of heat rather than the actual quantity of heat - Primary concern of nurseryman with heat is the F = 9/5 * C + 32 Or C = 5/9 * (F−32) K = C + 273.15 Explanation: Convert 100 F to C to K: C = 5/9 * (100−32) = 37.8 K = 37.8 + 273.15 = 310.95K - Formulas to convert from F to C or C to F temperature The crown and the roots - are the most vulnerable parts of the plant to cold damage 41 F = Minimum 77-95 F = Optimum 95-104 = Maximum - Temperatures suitable for growth for Temperate plants 50 F = Minimum 86-95 F = Optimum 113 F = Maximum - Temperatures suitable for growth for Tropical plants 65-75 F - Cool season plants >49 F = Warm- season plants 40-104 F = General Range 68-95 F = Optimum - Temperatures suitable for seed germination Conduction Convection Radiation - Three ways heat travels Conduction - heat is moved by ______________ when a warm object is put in contact with a cooler one; the warmth is moved from the warm object to the cool object Convection - heat moving away from an object Black Frost - Formed on a plant when the plant's temperature is lower than the temp at which moisture in the air will condense resulting in ice particles forming on the plant Hydroponics - A plant can survive supported by a string in a nutrient mist P a g e 5 | 20 Water, air, eat, and essential nutrients for the plant - Soil stores what for the plant? Sand, silt, and clay - What are the three forms of soil texture? Loam soils - contain all three separate soil textures in proportions so that none of the three is dominant over the other two. Soil structure (Sandy, platy, crumbly, or blocky) - The way various particles of the soil are arranged determines the ________________. This affects water movement and the handling qualities of soils. Organic or mineral soils - Soils are classified as ____________ or __________________ soils according to the percentage of organic matter present in the strata's top 12 inches. 30% - Organic soils are those which have more than _______ organic matter (20% of the soil is loamy sand or coarser) In peat - In _______ most of the original plant fibers can be recognized; whereas in ___________, they are decomposed beyond recognition Heavy and light soils - are based on the effort needed to move tillage equipment through the soil, not on the physical weight of the soil itself 5.5 to 7 pH range - most plants do best in a ________________ with some plants such as azaleas and camellias preferring soil slightly more acid ph., 5.0-5.5 0 to 14; 7.0 = Neutral; below 7.0= acid; above 7.0 alkaline - Soil ph.: Range? Neutral? Acid? Alkaline? Acid soils more alkaline; alkaline soils more acid - The addition of lime will make ______soils more _______, as wood ashes. The addition of sulfur will make _________ soils more __________. Sexual propagation - refers to plant reproduction from seeds or spores Vegetative and reproductive - The life cycle of a seed-bearing plant is divided into two broad phases, _________________ and ____________________. Vegetative phase - consists of two stages, the germination of the seed and the vegetative growth Reproductive phase - begins with certain physiological changes 1- Flower or cone bud induction 2-flower bud initiation and development 3- Flowering 4- Fruit and seed production if fertilization occurs Metabolism - good storage conditions are necessary to slow down the seed's biological activity, called its _______________, but not stop activity. Water and temperature - are probably the two most critical requirements. Water - affects the oxygen supply around the seed; the more ___________ there is in the soil, the less oxygen there is. Medium - the temperature of the _________________, not the air, is what is important. Asexual (vegetative) propagation - reproduce in nature by tip layering, runners, tuberous roots, and underground stems. Produces offspring genetically identical to the parent plant P a g e 6 | 20 Layering - The development of roots on a stem while the stem is still attached to the mother plant. Ex. strawberries and raspberries Division (done in fall or spring) - New shoots from the base or crown form roots and may be separated as a single new plant or the entire plant may be separated into sections Ex. herbaceous perennials Separation - propagation method in which natural structures are removed from the parent plant after blooming and then replanted in the proper season. Cutting propagation - The clonal multiplication of plants with propagates of stems, leaves, or roots. This technique ensures that the new plant will be identical to the parent plant Semi hardwood cuttings - Stem tips three to six inches long are taken from current season's growth just as it matures. Stem cuttings - some plants can be propagated from leafless, fleshy stem segments. This method is good for plants that drop their on lower leaves. Segment of stem with node is laid horizontally on medium and a new shoot forms Leaf and root cuttings - propagation from the leaf with all or part of the petiole attached Grafting - Joining together of two different plant parts so that they will heal together and continue growing as one unit. -must be fairly compatible (stock and scion are in the same species) Is done to propagate plants or to change certain growth forms such as "tree roses" Budding - Form of grafting where a growth bud of the plant is inserted beneath the bark of the stock. Micropropatation - the production of new plants from tissue cultures. Questions to ask to best match a plant to a customer's requirements? - How is the plant used? What is the sunlight exposure? What size is sought at maturity? What special characteristics does the customer desire? What type of growth rate is desired? What is the drainage of the planting site? Has the soil been tested? Complete soluble fertilizers - _________________ ________________ fertilizers may be injected into the irrigation system weekly while slow - release fertilizers are applied to containers every three to six or even nine months Fall - Slow release materials are used in the ______ to supply nutrients at a low rate throughout the winter months. Watering/irrigation - _______________ of container plants is a critical task. Sight (looking at foliage) Weight (low moisture means lighter weight) Touch (feeling the medium's moisture) - Employee in charge of watering plants need to know how to judge if watering is necessary by three things: Overhead Irrigation system - The irrigation of nursery stock is usually done with an P a g e 7 | 20 Apical dominance - the suppression of growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud of a stem Arboretum - an area devoted to the display of a variety of living trees and shrubs for study and comparison Asexual - without sex; refers to reproduction not involving the fusion of gametes Balled and bur lapped - plant prepared for transplanting by digging them so that the soil adjacent to the roots remains undisturbed; the ball of earth is then wrapped in burlap or similar mesh fabric Bare root - in the winter or early spring, many varieties of deciduous plants are sold with their roots bare. Dormant plants dug from the soil have their roots cleaned and trimmed, and are prevented from drying out until the time they should be planted Bedding plants - refers to small plants sold in flats or packs. They may be planted in beds, borders, or wherever desired. Can be annuals or perennials Biennial - A plant that produces a rosette of leaves the first year of its life, and sets flowers, fruit and seeds the second year and then dies. Ex. beet carrot, sweet William Binomial - a system of naming plants using two names. The first name is the genus and the second name is the species. Botanical or scientific name ex. Acer (genus) rub rum (species) Biodegradable - any material that can be readily decomposed in the soil by the action of each microorganisms as bacteria and fungi. Bolting - the production of a seed stalk by vegetative plants such as ornamental cabbage, spinach, lettuce, or radish. It is undesirable by vegetative crops and usually occurs when days are long and temperatures are warm. Broadcasting - scattering a material such as fertilizer or seed evenly over a soil surface Bud - an embryonic stem tip bearing young leaves (leaf bud), one or more flowers (flower bud) or both leaves and flowers (mixed bud) bulb - a bud, usually subterranean, consisting of a short, thick stem emitting roots from below and bearing overlapping, scale like leaves ex. lily, onion, or tulip Caliper - in landscape and nursery usage, the diameter of a tree measured six inches above the ground line if up to a four inch caliper; larger caliper trees are measured twelve inches above the ground line. In forestry, the caliper is measured four and a half feet above ground line Capillary action - the attraction of soil particles to water molecules, causing an up or downward movement of the water into the soil. Becoming popular in container watering. Carbohydrates - any group of chemical compounds (including sugars, starches, and cellulose) containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only Catch crop - a fast growing vegetable crop planted between rows of slow growing crops for best use of space. Also used during the period between harvest of early crops as in succession planting or intercropping. Chelate - several of the micronutrients such as iron may be prevalent in the soil but unavailable to the plant. When a ____________ agent with the micronutrient is added, the nutrient element is made available to the plant. P a g e 10 | 20 Chlorophyll - the green pigments in plants that absorb the energy of sunlight. Used in the manufacturing of sugars from carbon dioxide and water Choruses - lack of green in a leaf, caused by nutritional failure or disease. It is most frequently caused by lack of a plant's ability to take up iron. In severe cases, the entire leaf except the veins turn yellow. Often there is enough iron in the soil, but it's not available to the plant. Lowering the soil pH or using a chelate with iron will help correct most _______________ conditions. Clone - a group of organisms derived from a single individual by asexual production Clump - an aggregate of crowns or roots, able to be easily divided or moved Cluster - a bunching of flowers or leaves on a single stem. The term is sometimes given to any grouping of twigs, leaves, fruits, or flowers Cold accumulation - the process in which certain plants cease active growth and develop the capacity to survive freezing temperatures Cold frame - a box which is not artificially heated yet protects plants from the elements. It is usually covered with plastic, cheese cloth, or a glass sash. Common name - plant name used by the general public, as distinguished from the botanical or scientific name Companion crops - crops which have different harvest dates but are grown in the same area at the same time. One crop is harvested and removed by the time the other crop requires the growing space Compost - a decomposing mixture of vegetative matter - leaves, grass clippings, weeds - which can be used to amend soils or as a fertilizer. Decomposition is speeded up if a commercial fertilizer and lime are added Conifer - cone bearing trees or shrubs, most often characterized by narrow needle-like leaves. They are frequently referred to as evergreens. Ex. pines, cedar, juniper, cypress Conservatory - a glassed in room or structure where temperatures and humidity are controlled. Used to grow plants for display. Unlike a greenhouse, a portion may be used for habitation. Container grown stock - plant materials grown above ground in any type of container Contour planting - horizontal planting in rows that follow the contours of a slope or grade to better control water drainage and erosion of soil. Cool crops - vegetables which do not thrive in summer heat; ex the cabbage family, lettuce, spinach, and gladiolus Corm - a rounded, thick underground stem base, commonly called a bulb. However, a ________ is unlike a true bulb in that food is stored in its center rather than in its scale. Ex gladiolus Cover crop - sometimes referred to as "green" manure, a _________ _______ is useful in large gardens where some of the soil lies dormant in winter. Any of the legumes (clover, cow peas etc.) sown in fall and turned under in early spring will return valuable humus and nitrogen to soil Creeper - plants or vines that grow close to the ground. These plants take root along their stems Cross pollination - the transfer of pollen from the anthers (male) of one flower to the stigma (female) of another to fertilize the off within the ovary. _________ __________ P a g e 11 | 20 can be from a flower of the same species or a different species. Accomplished by either insects or wind Crop rotation - practice employed by both gardeners and farmers for maintaining the good condition of a given section of soil by alternate planting of different crops. Such planting also helps to discourage insects which thrive on a given crop or diseases indigenous to a certain kind of plant Cultivar - a term meaning cultivated variety now used in place of the word variety. The ____________ designate a special group of plants. Ex. Detroit Dark Red beet. They are set apart in a single quotes. _________ may differ in growth habit, season of maturity, fruit color, fruit shape, etc. Cultivation - the loosening of a soil with either a hand or mechanical type implement chiefly for the purpose of controlling weeds. Culture - a specialized activity used in growing plants. Ex. pruning, cultivation, watering cutting ( or slip) - asexual propagation of plants; propagated by breaking or cutting off a portion of a branch or root and planting it in soil or water so it can grow roots and in time become a plant exactly like the parent. Cutting height - in mowing lawns, the measurement from grass clipped to soil line. Damping off - a fungus that causes seedlings to die immediately before or just after they break through the soil. Careful watering, good drainage and sterilizing seed bed soil help in preventing damping off. Day neutral - a term applied to plants which are not affected by the relative length of dark and light periods Deciduous - plants that shed all their leaves at the end of a growing season and remain leafless during the winter or dormant period. Deep rooted - plants with deeply growing roots as contrasted with roots growing on, or close, the soil surface. Determinate tomato (commonly classed as a bush tomato) - terminal bud sets fruit, stops stem growth. The plant is self-topping. Seldom needs staking. dethatching - removal of the thatch layer of turf by machine, garden rake, or dethatching rake to increase air flow and penetration of fertilizers and water Dew - condensed moisture from the atmosphere adhering in the form of small drops to any cool surface Dew point - a temperature point below which moisture in the atmosphere is condensed into small drops. Diameter breast height (DBH) - term used in measuring a tree caliper; the caliper is measured 4 ft. 6in above the ground line Dibble or dibbler - a handled, pointed tool for making holes in the soil for planting seeds, bulbs, transplanting, etc. Dioeciously - plants having staminate (male) flowers on one plant and postulate (female) flowers on another plant. dividing - a method for increasing plants such as bulbs, perennials, and other plants that spread by developing roots and tops in clumps (ex dahlias, iris, day-lilies). P a g e 12 | 20 House plant - a plant that is tolerant of conditions in a house, where humidity and light levels are low and temperatures high Humidity - the water vapor content of the atmosphere Hybrid - an offspring resulting from crossing related plants with different characteristics Indeterminate Tomato - the terminal bud does not set fruit. The vine can grow indefinitely if not killed by frost. Most of the cultivars trained on stakes or in wire cages are in this group. Inflorescence - a flower cluster; the characteristics arrangement of flowers on the stem Insect - any of the numerous small invertebrate animals having three body segments (head, thorax, and abdomen), six legged, and usually winged Insecticide - a material toxic to insects; applied as a contact and or stomach poison Landscape contractor - a contractor specializing in work dealing with all phases of landscape installation Landscape design - a creative problem-solving process that organizes external space to attain an optimum balance of environmental and human needs Layering - a propagating technique in which the stem of a plant is surrounded with a rooting medium in order to force the development of roots along that portion of stem Leaf - a plant organ that manufactures food by chlorophyll Lime - ground limestone which is used to reduce the acidity of soils. Dolomitic lime has magnesium carbonate and will supply some magnesium for the growing plant Macronutrient - certain chemical elements required in considerable abundance for the growth and survival of plants. Example: nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium. Meristem - embryonic or undifferentiated tissue; these cells are capable of active division Micronutrient - certain elements essential to growth of plants, but required only in minute amounts. Ex. iron and copper Mildew - a white cottony coating which later turns black. Caused by various fungi, especially during periods of warm days and cool nights Monoecism - a plant that has separate male and female flowers on the same part Morphactins - synthetic growth regulators used to slow the growth rate of turf grass and to pinch plants chemically to stimulate lateral shoots Mulch - any material applied to the soil surface to conserve moisture, maintain a more even soil temperature and/or aid in weed control. Ex. leaves, straw, newspaper, pine bark mulch. NAA - Naphthalene acetic acid; a synthetic axing that is used in controlling sprouts on trees, thinning fruits, and in root promotion of cuttings Nematode - a microscopic, transparent, worm-like parasite that infest roots, bulbs, and leaves Nitrogen - a macronutrient and is one of the most essential plant nutrients obtained from the soil. If the supply of __________ is good, foliage is green and the plant flourishes. Insufficient ____________ is indicated by yellowing leaves and stunted growth. P a g e 15 | 20 Clovers, cowpeas, and other legumes - what type of plants can be added to the soil through a cover crop. These crops absorb nitrogen from the air and naturally return it to the soil Node - a joint or point where a branch, bud, or leaf grows from the stem Organic matter - a term applied to a substance containing carbon compounds and usually obtained from plants or animals. Needed to maintain a healthy soil structure and bacterial life (peat moss, pine bark mulch, etc.) Ovary - a female sex organ that produces one or more eggs Ovule - the structure within the ovaries of pistils that develop into seeds Patented - referring to plant cultivars protected by governing patent granting exclusive rights to patent holder Peat - partially decayed plant matter from swamps; used to improved soil structure Peat pot - transplanting pots made of compressed peat (or other like material); used for starting plants; the pots may be transplanted directly into the soil where they will disintegrate Perennial - a plant that continues to live from year to year; in cold climates, the foliage may die to ground, but the roots and rhizomes persist Periapt - the sepals and the petals of a flower, generally used when both are the same colors Perlite - a volcanic mineral expanded by heat treatment to form lightweight white granules. It is used for soil conditioning or as a rooting medium. Also used in synthetic potting mixes. Pesticide - a substance (most often a chemical used to control weeds, fungi, insects, and the like PH - the chemistry symbol used in expressing acidity or alkalinity Photo period - a term applied to hours of light required daily to achieve normal maturity. Plants are often referred to as long day plants. The plants response to it __________ ____________ is known a photoperediodism. Phosphorous - a mineral element contained in every living cell; it promotes rapid growth, hastens maturity, and stimulates flower, seed, and fruit production. Phototropism - the growth of plants toward its light source Pinching back - a method for making plants bushier by nipping off tips of branches with the thumb and forefinger. Pistil - the female part of a flower, comprised of the ovary, stigma, and style Plant nutrient - one of the 16 chemical elements essential for plant growth Pollination - the transfer of pollen from the stamen (male) to the pistils (female). Plants are either cross-pollinated or self-pollinated. Polyploidy - an organism whose cells contain more than two sets of chromosomes. Pomology - the science of growing fruit P a g e 16 | 20 Post emergent herbicide - a chemical applied as an herbicide to the foliage of weeds after the weed has emerged from the soil Potassium - a mineral that stimulates the growth of strong stems, imparts resistance to disease, and is necessary to form starch, sugar, and oil and transfer them through plants Pot bound - the roots of a potted plant that have become thickly matted Potting mixture - a combination of various ingredients designed for growing plants in containers. Pre-emergent herbicide - an herbicide applied after planting the crop, but before the weed seed germinates Propagation - reproduction of plants either from seeds (sexual reproduction) or from cuttings, divisions, budding, grafting, or layering (asexual reproduction) Pruning - the wise removal of selected plant parts to obtain a more desirable plant Relative humidity - the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere expressed as a percentage of the amount required Rhizome - any underground root like stems, sending up leafy shoots from the upper surface and emitting roots from the lower side. Ex. iris or canna lily Root - the parts of a plant containing the organs which extract water and nutrients from the sol and atmosphere Root bound - undesirable condition of a plant that has grown too long in a container so that its roots have become "choked" Root hair - long, tubular, outgrowths from the roots epidermal cells; found in a zone above the region of cell elongation Root pruning - a method for fostering the development of a branched root system; helpful in transplanting or as a method of invigorating the plant Runner - a long, thin, training stem that develops new plants when the nodes contact the soil. Ex. a strawberry runner Scale - in garden language, this word has more than one meaning. It may, mean a small oval insect with a shield like covering or a scale like leaf which protects a leaf bud before it opens Seedlings - the young plant emerging from a germinating seed Sepal - one of the lower cycle of flower parts (the calyx) often green and leaf like but colored like the petals in some species Self-pollination - self-pollinating takes place when pollen in transferred between the reproductive organs of an individual flower or between flowers on the same plant Ex sweet peas Sexual reproduction - reproduction of plants by seed, as opposed to asexual reproduction by cuttings, grafting, etc. Shade tolerant - plants which grown well in partial or full shade. However, it should be remembered that most plants do best in areas that received filtered sunlight P a g e 17 | 20