Root Systems and Plant Growth: Functions, Care, and Identification, Exams of Gardening and Horticulture

Download Root Systems and Plant Growth: Functions, Care, and Identification and more Exams Gardening and Horticulture in PDF only on Docsity! Louisiana Horticulture License Review Exam Questions with Verified Answers. 1. A plant's scientific name of a plant is composed of _________ and _________. - ANS genus and species 2. Alba is a term that describes a plant as _________. - ANS white 3. Triacanthos describes a plant that is _________. - ANS three spine 4. The functions of the root system are: - ANS anchorage, absorption, conduction and 5. Storage 6. The tap root could be described as: - ANS a fleshy food storing organ 7. When a person is preparing to transplant a plant: - ANS expose the roots to little air as possible 8. Plants that are root bound in their containers should: - ANS coiled roots should be straightened and pruned 9. The xylem is responsible for: - ANS transporting water and minerals from the roots upward through the plant 10.An example of a monocot plant would be _________. - ANS corn 11. If the cambium layer and vascular bundles are damaged: - ANS the plant could die 12.Girdling of a plant can be described as: - ANS damage to the plants food supply pipeline 13.A node is considered to be: - ANS an area on a stem where the leaves emerge 14.Tulips develop each spring from _________. - ANS bulbs 15.A plant that develops from rhizome would be _________. - ANS cannas 16.Potatoes are propagated from _________. - ANS tubers 17.When a plant a "suckers" it means that a new shoot will develops from the _________. - ANS roots P a g e 1 | 25 18. In Louisiana, spring flowering bulbs are usually planted from _________ to _________. - ANS October to December 19.Amaryllis bulbs are usually planted _________. - ANS during fall 20.The term "venation" is a term used to describe a plants _________. - ANS vein distribution 21.A leaf gives off water into the atmosphere through a process called _________. - ANS transpiration 22. If transpiration is more rapid than absorption in a plant: - ANS the plant will show signs of wilting 23.Transpiration in a plant depends on: - ANS water pressure should be lower in the top of the plant 24.The pistil is the: - ANS female part of the plant 25.Ferns reproduce from single cell structures called _________. - ANS spores 26.The highest priority of food produced by leaves is to feed _________. - ANS flowers 27.A primary element used for plant growth would be _________. - ANS urea 28.Overall yellowing of the plant beginning at the bottom of the plant could mean _________. - ANS nitrogen deficiency 29.Spindly growth, low flower and fruit production, dark green leaves with reddish overcast could mean _________. - ANS phosphorous deficiency 30.Slow growth, scorched leaves and shriveled fruit on a plant could mean _________. - ANS potassium deficiency 31.Light green leaves with leaf margins turning upward are symptoms of _________. - ANS calcium deficiency 32.A 50 pound bag of 13-13-13 would contain how many pounds of nitrogen? - ANS 6.5 33.A 50 pound bag of 20-15-10 would contain how many pounds of phosphorus? - ANS 7.5 34.Resin coated materials, such as osmocote, fertilize depends on what factor to release nutrients: - ANS soil moisture P a g e 2 | 25 67.Layering, division, and separation are all methods of __________ propagation. - ANS asexual 68.Most cuttings need a _________ atmosphere, warm soil temperatures, light, and a moist but well drained rooting medium. - ANS humid 69.Some plants are now being commercially propagated using __________ techniques that involve the production of new plants from tissue culture. - ANS micro propagation 70.When accepting an order and I specking shipments of plants, which of the following basic steps should be followed? A. confirm all order B. determine if the order contains quality materials C. examine for pests, insects, disease, and weeds - ANS all of these 71.The employee in charge of watering plants should have _____________ to ensure the plants receive the correct amount of water. - ANS special training 72.Woody ornamentals grown in containers can be injured when temperatures _______. - ANS drop to 18 to 24 f 73.Sand has a gritty feeling, silt has a slick feeling, and clay has a __________________ feeling. - ANS slippery, sticky 74.Sandy, plat, crumbly and blocky are soil ___________ names and are self- descriptive. - ANS structural 75.Organic soils are those which have more than _____% organic matter. - ANS 30 76.Fungi in soils can cause _______________. - ANS rotting and damping off 77.Soil reaction can be modified by adding certain soil additives and using _______________. - ANS specific fertilizers 78.___________ could equally describe a loam soil or an adobe soil as very hard to work with. - ANS Black soil 79.Untreated bark needs _____%nitrogen added to prevent nitrogen deficiency in plants growing in the material. - ANS 1.5 80.Optimum _______________ temperature varies for all seeds. - ANS germination 81.When germinating seeds commercially, the temperature of the __________ not the air, is what is important. - ANS soil P a g e 5 | 25 82._______________ is the biggest propagation problem. - ANS Watering 83._________________ Herbicides can kill existing weeds and extreme care must be used with these materials when plants are in the immediate area. - ANS Post- emergence 84.Pest management also aids in maintaining plant __________ in retail nurseries and garden centers. - ANS quality 85.During harsh winters, plants can be jammed together and draped with a single layer of milky____________ plastic. - ANS polyethylene 86.When pH drops below 5.5, many nutrients become _______________. - ANS unavailable 87.When planting a solitary tree or shrub in the landscape, dig the hole at least two times wider than the ______________ of the plant. - ANS root ball 88.A very important part of the planting operations, ___________ help maintain a uniform soil moisture level. - ANS mulches 89.Mulch trees and shrubs to a depth of __________. - ANS 2-4 inches 90.Newly planted trees and shrubs should receive light applications of ______________ during their first growing season. - ANS fertilizer 91.Pruning is done for all of the following except: A. to guide the growth habits B. to rejuvenate older plants C. to stimulate new growth D. To stimulate fertilizer uptake - ANS Pruning will not stimulate fertilizer uptake 92.When the terminal bud is pruned out and the effect of axing decreased, lateral bud break will be _________ - ANS enhanced 93._______________ are used for branches larger than 1 1/2 inches in diameter. - ANS Pruning saw 94._______________ are for clipping small-leafed plants to maintain a formal appearance. - ANS Hedge shears 95._____________ are used to remove branches that cannot be reached from the ground. - ANS Pole pruner P a g e 6 | 25 96. It is possible to rejuvenate many older shrubs that have overgrown their planting site by pruning them to within __________ inches of ground level. - ANS 18 97.Upright junipers and arborvitae plants can be maintained at a small size with light ___________________. Annual pruning. - ANS annual pruning 98.Soil in good ____________ and properly cared for often contains beneficial organisms that hold detrimental organisms in check. - ANS tilt 99._______________ favorably affects soil structure by increasing the water holding capacity of sandy soils and the workability of the clay and other heavy soils. - ANS Organic matter 100. The greatest problem in planting container grown plants is the _________________ layer between the soil ball in the container and the native soil. - ANS transition 101. Vegetables make ideal hosts for this organism and once the soil is infested it will always be present. - ANS Nematode 102. Soil ___ is not a factor which controls plant growth but is good indicator of what nutrients are soluble in that particular soil. - ANS pH 103. Soil with a pH of 10 is considered to be ______. - ANS alkaline 104. Most woody plants are propagated by _________. - ANS cutting 105. When studying insects that affect our gardens, crops, goods and agriculture we must first learn: - ANS how to identify the insects 106. Biological and chemical controls of harmful insects are closely tied to: - ANS where, when, and how insects develop 107. Many chemical insecticides were developed after... - ANS World War I 108. Many beneficial insects that need to be ________ and _______ when it is economically feasible. - ANS protected and promoted 109. Insects are classified by: - ANS binomial nomenclature 110. Insects are grouped based on similarities and types of development. An example would be: - ANS type of legs, mouthparts, absence or presence of wings 111. The names of most insect orders have the ending-Petra, which means: - ANS the insect possess wings in the adult stage P a g e 7 | 25 144. A fungus is a multi-cellular organism which has no roots, stems, or leaves and ____________. - ANS cannot make its own food 145. The formation of spores, sclerotic, and mycelia fragments refer to the process of __________________. - ANS fungi reproduction 146. ________________, a common disease in ornamental plants which causes the damping off of young vegetable plants is spread by mycelia fragments. - ANS Rhizoctonia 147. These structures can remain viable in the soil for several years until a susceptible crop is planted. They form when the mycelium of some fungi become hard. - ANS Sclerotic 148. Fungi that form swimming spores thrive in low, wet areas and cause diseases such as root rot. These types of fungi are known as ___________. - ANS Phycomycetes 149. This is an advanced group of fungi. They produce spores on special structures inside plant tissue. - ANS Ascomycota’s 150. Practically all types of fungi produce their asexual spore on exposed stalks called _____________ resemble a small plant with fruit hanging on it. - ANS conidiophores 151. Inoculation, penetration, infection, incubation, invasion, reproduction, over wintering are stages in the life cycle of a _________. - ANS fungus 152. Direct penetration, penetration through stomata’s or through wounds is necessary in order for _____ to occur. - ANS infection 153. ____ are spread by blowing rain, insects, humans and inside seeds. - ANS Bacteria 154. Symptoms of this include mottled or puckered leaves streaks on leaves and at times distorted fruit. - ANS virus 155. Tobacco, insects and seed are ways in which virus’s ______________. - ANS spread 156. A plant injured by this organism usually has a stunted, unthrifty appearance. - ANS Nematode 157. Crop rotation, use of resistant varieties and chemicals are three ways to _____________________. - ANS deal with soil organisms P a g e 10 | 25 158. A particular group of this organism causes knots or falls on the roots of susceptible plants. - ANS Nematodes 159. Mulching, cultivation, deep plowing and sanitation are all examples of _____________________. - ANS ways to control diseases 160. Is seeding a method of vegetativly establishing turf grass? - ANS No 161. Is annual ryegrass a warm-season turf grass? - ANS No 162. What is a type of turf grass used for winter overseeing in Louisiana? - ANS Perennial ryegrass 163. Re-establishment of trufgrass is not recommended unless _________ % of turf cover has been lost. - ANS 50 164. Will following recommended planting practices help minimize thatch problems? - ANS No 165. Which type of fertilizer has a slow release and low water solubility but a longer residual effect? - ANS synthetic organic 166. Generally, no more than _______ of the lead blade on turf grasses should be removed in one cutting. - ANS 1/3 167. Turf grass pests can be classified as all but which of the following? - ANS nutrient leaches 168. Is adding amendments to backfill soil recommended for transplanting trees? - ANS No 169. What is not a consideration when transplanting a plant? - ANS landscape design 170. Is mulch application a typical type of fertilizer application for trees? - ANS No 171. When removing a live branch, pruning cuts should be made in branch tissue just outside the branch ____ and collar? - ANS bark ridge 172. One should definitely not decapitate a palm below the _____________ in an attempt to reduce the height of the palm. Doing so will kill the palm. - ANS crown or leaves P a g e 11 | 25 173. The best time of the year to transplant palms in Louisiana is _______? - ANS spring - summer 174. When planting trees in the landscape, _____________ fertilizer may be placed 2 to 6 inches below grade and mixed with backfill. - ANS slow release 175. A tree is a _________ woody plant with one or several vertical trunks which grow higher than 12' to 15' ht. - ANS perennial 176. During the transplanting operation in a normal landscape setting, you would NOT: - ANS dig the hole 4 feet wider than needed 177. _____ can be applied either in the planting hole or on the soil surface after planting or transplanting trees or shrubs. - ANS Fertilizer 178. Pruning palms is __________ the plant which involves removing the leaves or inflorescences as they become senescent and unsightly. - ANS grooming 179. The best planting or transplanting time in Louisiana is from late ______ through February even though many tree species are dug at other times of the year. - ANS November 180. ____ is most important after planting trees and shrubs. - ANS Maintenance 181. ________________ of trees and shrubs during times of dry weather is imperative, especially during the first several years. - ANS Irrigation 182. When transplanting trees, remove wire or twine from around the trunk, and if BB, pull the burlap _________ down from around the ball. - ANS 2/3 183. It can take trees with a caliper of 4-6 inches _______ years or longer after transplanting to regain a root system sufficient enough to begin significant top growth. - ANS Two 184. Plants that are ____ before transplanting will suffer more than vigorous ones. - ANS stressed 185. Leaving the guy wire in place too long can cause _________ of the tree stem or trunk. - ANS breakage 186. Mulch not only conserves soil moisture, but also prevents ________ from competing for nutrients and moisture. - ANS weeds P a g e 12 | 25 219. In designing a color bed, always place shorter, low growing varieties ______. - ANS at the front 220. When purchasing healthy bedding plants, choose those that ___. - ANS are just coming into bloom, or budded 221. Bedding plants perform better when _________are used to insure good drainage. - ANS raised beds 222. A ________ fertilizer should be added during bed preparation before planting. - ANS Complete general 223. Native soils should be amended with ________, ________, and/ or_______ before bed construction. - ANS compost 224. Peat moss 225. Builder’s sand 226. Bedding plants should be watered _____. - ANS immediately after planting 227. Frequent overhead watering of color beds may lead to all except ________. A. damping off B. Aerial phytopthora C. Root absorption D. disturbing tender blossoms - ANS Root absorption 228. Bedding plants should be frequently ____________ to prevent seed formation and encourage plants to produce more flowers over a longer period. - ANS deadheaded 229. Mulch is an important component in any bed because it ____. - ANS 1. Reduces the number of weeds 230. 2. Prevents soil from splashing up on the leaves 231. 3. Regulates soil temperature 232. If bedding plants appear to be stunted, lightly fertilize with a complete fertilizer with a ______ ratio analysis. - ANS 3:1:2 233. When bedding plants become overgrown, they can be sheared back with _____ to promote branching, and a bushier plant. - ANS hedge clippers 234. Many of the annual grown in Louisiana, like begonia and periwinkles, are actually ____. - ANS tender perennials P a g e 15 | 25 235. A ______ plant complete its lifecycle in one growing season. - ANS annual 236. In Louisiana, cool season annuals are grown from __________. - ANS October through May 237. Annuals that are recommended to be grown in Louisiana shade gardens include all except ________. A. Periwinkle B. Coleus C. Impatient D. Begonia - ANS Periwinkle 238. Annuals that are recommended for growth in bright, sunny spots include all except ___________. A. Dusty Miller B. Zinnia C. Marigold D. Labella - ANS Labella 239. _____ are hardy plants that tolerate cold temperatures. - ANS Snapdragons 240. ___ are low-growing plants that do well along the edges of beds. - ANS Alyssum 241. __________ are tender plants and best for warmer conditions. - ANS Cosmos 242. All but ________ are taller plants, which do better in the back of the bed. A. Cleome B. Pansy C. Amaranths D. African Marigolds - ANS Pansy 243. Perennials that bloom in the summer and fall should be divided in the _____. - ANS spring 244. Can you use nasturtium, snapdragons, or stock in annual cut flower gardens? - ANS You can use all of these. 245. Perennials are plants that live ____. - ANS more than two years 246. The popularity of using perennials in the landscape has _______ because of the fact they do not have to be planted yearly and provide seasonal color. - ANS increased P a g e 16 | 25 247. What are the advantages of using perennials in the landscape? - ANS 1. They provide seasonal color 248. 2. They are relatively maintenance free 249. 3. They do not have to be replanted each year 250. Perennials that bloom in the spring should be divided in the ____. - ANS fall 251. Is Scarlet Sage a recommended perennial for planting in Louisiana landscapes? - ANS No 252. Is Moon vine one of a perennial bulb that is recommended for the Louisiana landscape? - ANS No 253. ____ Plants provide a sizeable portion of garden sales. - ANS Bedding 254. Many landscaping needs can be solved through the use of ______ plants. - ANS herbaceous plants 255. Bedding plants can also add "_________ ____________" to an established landscape. - ANS instant color 256. The role of annuals and perennials in the landscape is primarily to provide _________. - ANS color 257. When trying to establish a turf grass using seed, the most important thing consumers should look at when purchasing is ________. - ANS the species and cultivar of the seed 258. If tender perennials are not removed at the end of the warm season, and a mild winter occurs what may happen? - ANS they will survive and will bloom again in the summer 259. This type of sodding is sometimes done on gold courses fairways particularly with zoysiagrass and is less expensive. - ANS Strip sodding 260. __________ is the most frequently used material to raise soul pH when establishing turf grasses. - ANS Limestone 261. Generally, about ______ inches of sand should be incorporated into the upper six to eight inches of soil for improved turf growth. - ANS 4 262. Bermuda grass and Zoysiagrass prefer to be mowed at _______ or less. - ANS 1 inch P a g e 17 | 25 296. To control Black Spot, ____ should be applied throughout the plant. - ANS fungicide 297. What is NOT a common fungicide ingredient? - ANS formaldehyde 298. ____ appears on roses in early spring and late summer when nights are relatively cool. - ANS Powdery Mildew 299. ______ is a fungal disorder than can be identified by the appearance of rough, circular, bright orange spots on the underside of leaves and on stems. - ANS Leaf Rust 300. ____ causes infected plants to become stunted. All infected plants must then be discarded. - ANS Crown Gall 301. Most modern rose varieties should be pruned in ____ and again in ___. - ANS February and August 302. Which of the following is NOT a reason to prune roses? A. to control insects B. to remove dead wood C. to stimulate new growth D. to control shape and size - ANS to control insects 303. Once rosebushes are established, _____ of blossoms is encouraged. - ANS cutting 304. The Louisiana Agriculture and Forestry Commission does NOT regulate which of the following professions? - ANS A rig home gardener 305. The Louisiana Agriculture and Forestry Commission regulates which of the following? 306. Nursery stock dealer 307. Cut flower dealer - ANS Both 308. Landscape contractors are required by law to obtain a license from the: - ANS Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry 309. In order to receive fees from clients in a job regulated by the Louisiana Agriculture and Forestry Commission, one must ____. - ANS hold a valid landscaping license 310. Those who fail to comply with section 3804 of the Louisiana Horticulture Commission Rules and Regulations are subject to a fine of _____. - ANS $250 per violation P a g e 20 | 25 311. ____ applies only to persons and property not connected with a project. - ANS Contractor's Liability Insurance 312. _____ is applied to injury, death, and property damage from operations performed for the contractor by independent subs. - ANS Contractor's Protective Liability Insurance 313. ____ is a policy where the insurance company assumes owner's risk and covers employees only. - ANS Workman's Compensation Insurance 314. ____ covers the contractor if faulty construction causes damage after the project is turned over to the owner. - ANS Competed Operation Insurance 315. More business failures occur due to ____ than contractor incompetency. - ANS poor record keeping 316. A ______ is a type of insurance policy that ensures that the contractor will satisfactorily complete the work documented in the contract. - ANS Bond 317. A ____ bond assures that the contractor will accept the job if it is offered to him. - ANS Bid Bond 318. Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic bonds a contract may be required to purchase? A. bid bond B. performance bond C. payment or labor and materials bond D. contract bond - ANS Contract Bond 319. A _____ bond is the most common type of bond purchased. It protects the owner from default on a job according to the agreement by the landscape contractor. - ANS Performance Bond 320. In most projects involving landscaping construction, a client is well advised to employ a ____. - ANS Landscape Architect 321. A _____ is responsible for all aspects of the landscape design. - ANS Landscape Architect 322. A ___ bond assures payment of all labor and material costs directly related to the job. - ANS Payment or Labor and Materials Bond 323. Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be taken into consideration during an on-site visit? A. type of soil B. drainage conditions P a g e 21 | 25 C. location of underground utilities D. cleanliness - ANS cleanliness 324. Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be used to determine material and labor costs? A. food and travel expenses B. direct job expenses C. indirect job expenses D. overhead expenses - ANS food and travel expenses 325. Which of the following is NOT an item typically included in a landscaping contract? A. scope of work and services provided B. payment C. specifications of work to be done D. vacation days - ANS vacation days 326. ____ are the costs that are generally the most difficult to calculate and require experience with actual landscape installation in order to be estimated properly - ANS Direct job expenses 327. Mrs. Ethel, your elderly neighbor, has hired you to plant and azalea bush in her front yard. You use the opportunity to develop a landscaping bid for your SAE handbook. You determine that 1 azalea is a 3 gallon container costs $6.50. Your labor rate is $12 per hour. It takes you half an hour to plant the bush to Mrs. Ethel's specifications. Also, you charge a 25% profit margin. What is Mrs. Ethel's total fee for your services? - ANS $15.62 328. Which of the following is NOT a commonly used type of contract? A. sum-plus contract B. Fixed-price contract C. unit-price contract D. cost-plus contract - ANS sum-plus contract 329. The ____ has standardized preprinted contracts available that may be suitable for landscape contractual use. - ANS American Institute of Architects 330. ______ is the most common form of general contract in which the owner aggress to pay a set amount to the contractor for executing the services specified in the contract. - ANS Fixed-Price Contract 331. In a _____ contract, the owner pays the contractor for necessary costs incurred in the construction of the project. - ANS Cost-Plus Contract 332. During inspection for final acceptance, the landscape contractor should have a (n) ______ to be signed by the client. - ANS Acceptance Form P a g e 22 | 25