Plant Biology: Root System Functions, Transpiration, and Insects, Exams of Gardening and Horticulture

Download Plant Biology: Root System Functions, Transpiration, and Insects and more Exams Gardening and Horticulture in PDF only on Docsity! Louisiana Horticulture License Review Exam Questions with Verified Answers. A plant's scientific name of a plant is composed of _________ and _________. - ANS genus and species Alba is a term that describes a plant as _________. - ANS white Triacanthos describes a plant that is _________. - ANS three spined The functions of the root system are: - ANS anchorage, absorption, conduction and storage The tap root could be described as: - ANS a fleshy food storing organ When a person is preparing to transplant a plant: - ANS expose the roots to little air as possible Plants that are root bound in their containers should: - ANS coiled roots should be straightened and pruned The xylem is resonsible for: - ANS transporting water and minerals from the roots upward through the plant An example of a monocot plant would be _________. - ANS corn If the cambium layer and vascular bundles are damaged: - ANS the plant could die Girdling of a plant can be described as: - ANS damage to the plants food supply pipeline A node is considered to be: - ANS an area on a stem where the leaves emerge Tulips develop each spring from _________. - ANS bulbs A plant that developes from rhizome would be _________. - ANS cannas Potatoes are propogated from _________. - ANS tubers When a plant a "suckers" it means that a new shoot will develops from the _________. - ANS roots In Louisiana, spring flowerihg bulbs are usually planted from _________ to _________. - ANS October to December Amaryllis bulbs are usually planted _________. - ANS during fall The term "venation" is a term used to describe a plants _________. - ANS vein distribution A leaf gives off water into the atmosphere through a process called _________. - ANS transpiration If transpiration is more rapid than absorption in a plant: - ANS the plant will show signs of wilting Transpiration in a plant depends on: - ANS water pressure should be lower in the top of the plant The pistil is the: - ANS female part of the plant Ferns reproduce from single cell structures called _________. - ANS spores The highest priority of food produced by leaves is to feed _________. - ANS flowers A primary element used for plant growth would be _________. - ANS urea Overall yellowing of the plant beginning at the bottom of the plant could mean _________. - ANS nitrogen deficiency Spindly growth, low flower and fruit production, dark green leaves with reddish overcast could mean _________. - ANS phosphorous deficiency Slow growth, scorched leaves and shriveled fruit on a plant could mean _________. - ANS potassium deficiency Light green leaves with leaf margins turning upward are symptoms of _________. - ANS calcium deficiency A 50 poind bag of 13-13-13 would contain how many pounds of nitrogen? - ANS 6.5 A 50 pound bag of 20-15-10 would contain how many pounds of phosphorus? - ANS 7.5 Resin coated materials, such as osmocote, fertilize depends on what factor to release nutrients: - ANS soil moisture Fertilizing in early or late fall: - ANS is a poor practice because it could cause cold damage Exposing plants to low light intensity will: - ANS limit photosynthesis b. determine if the order contains quality materials c. examine for pests, insects, disease, and weeds - ANS all of these The employee in charge of watering plants should have _____________ to ensure the plants receive the correct amount of water. - ANS special training Woody ornamentals grown in containers can be injured when temperatures _______. - ANS drop to 18 to 24 f Sand has a gritty feeling, silt has a slick feeling, and clay has a __________________ feeling. - ANS slippery, sticky Sandy, platt, crumbly and blocky are soil ___________ names and are self descriptive. - ANS structural Organic soils are those which have more than _____% organic matter. - ANS 30 Fungi in soils can cause _______________. - ANS rotting and damping off Soil reaction can be modified by adding certain soil additives and using _______________. - ANS specific fertilizers ___________ could equally describe a loam soil or an adobe soil as very hard to work with. - ANS Black soil Untreated bark needs _____%nitrogen added to prevent nitrogen deficiency in plants growing in the material. - ANS 1.5 Optimum _______________ temperature varies for all seeds. - ANS germination When germinating seeds commercially, the temperature of the __________ not the air, is what is important. - ANS soil _______________ is the biggest propagation problem. - ANS Watering _________________ herbicides can kill existing weeds and extreme care must be used with these materials when plants are in the immediate area. - ANS Post-emergence Pest management also aids in maintaining plant __________ in retail nurseries and garden centers. - ANS quality During harsh winters, plants can be jammed together and draped with a single layer of milky____________ plastic. - ANS polyethylene When pH drops below 5.5, many nutrients become _______________. - ANS unavailable When planting a solitary tree or shrub in the landscape, dig the hole at least two times wider than the ______________ of the plant. - ANS root ball A very important part of the planting operations, ___________ help maintain a uniform soil moisture level. - ANS mulches Mulch trees and shrubs to a depth of __________. - ANS 2-4 inches Newly planted trees and shrubs should receive light applications of ______________ during their first growing season. - ANS fertilizer Pruning is done for all of the following except: A. to guide the growth habits B. to rejuvenate older plants C. to stimulate new growth D. To stimulate fertilizer uptake - ANS Pruning will not stimulate fertilizer uptake When the terminal bud is pruned out and the effect of auxin decreased, lateral bud break will be _________ - ANS enhanced _______________ are used for branches larger than 1 1/2 inches in diameter. - ANS Pruning saw _______________ are for clipping small-leafed plants to maintain a formal appearance. - ANS Hedge shears _____________ are used to remove branches that cannot be reached from the ground. - ANS Pole pruner It is possible to rejuvenate many older shrubs that have overgrown their planting site by pruning them to within __________ inches of ground level. - ANS 18 Upright junipers and arborvitae plants can be maintained at a small size with light ___________________. annual pruning. - ANS annual pruning Soil in good ____________ and properly cared for often contains beneficial organisms that hold detrimental organisms in check. - ANS tilth _______________ favorably affects soil structure by increasing the water holding capacity of sandy soils and the workability of the clay and other heavy soils. - ANS Organic matter The greatest problem in planting container grown plants is the _________________ layer between the soil ball in the container and the native soil. - ANS transition Vegetables make ideal hosts for this organism and once the soil is infested it will always be present. - ANS Nematode soil ___ is not a factor which controls plant growth but is good indicator of what nutrients are soluble in that particular soil. - ANS pH Soil with a pH of 10 is considered to be ______. - ANS alkaline Most woody plants are propagated by _________. - ANS cutting When studying insects that affect our gardens, crops, goods and agriculture we must first learn: - ANS how to identify the insects Biological and chemical controls of harmful insects are closely tied to: - ANS where, when, and how insects develop Many chemical insecticides were developed after... - ANS World War I Many beneficial insects that need to be ________ and _______ when it is economically feasible. - ANS protected and promoted Insects are classified by: - ANS binomial nomenclature Insects are grouped based on similarities and types of development. an example would be: - ANS type of legs, mouthparts, absence or presence of wings The names of most insect orders have the ending-petra, which means: - ANS the insect possess wings in the adult stage Mouthparts, wings and type of metamorphosis are characteristics used to: - ANS identify an insect _______________names of insects end with -idea. an example is Aphidae (aphids). - ANS Family ___________ names refer to large groups rather than individual species. - ANS Common Insects are in the class insecta because they possess the following characteristics: - ANS three body regions, three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae and one or two pairs of wings There are three regions of an insects body. Is wings one of them? - ANS No Piercing-sucking, laping and soonging are all examples of: - ANS mouthparts Inoculation, penetration, infection, incubation, invasion, reproduction, over wintering are stages in the life cycle of a _________. - ANS fungus Direct penetration, penetration through stomates or through wounds is necessary in order for _____ to occur. - ANS infection ____ are spread by blowing rain, insects, humans and inside seeds. - ANS Bacteria Symptoms of this include mottled or puckered leaves streaks on leaves and at times distorted fruit. - ANS virus Tobacco, insects and seed are ways in which viruses ______________. - ANS spread A plant injured by this organism usually has a stunted, unthrifty appearance. - ANS Nematode Crop rotation, use of resistant varieties and chemicals are three ways to _____________________. - ANS deal with soil organisms A particular group of this organism causes knots or falls on the roots of susceptible plants. - ANS Nematodes Mulching, cultivation, deep plowing and sanitation are all examples of _____________________. - ANS ways to control diseases Is seeding a method of vegetativly establishing turfgrass? - ANS No Is annual ryegrass a warm-season turfgrass? - ANS No What is a type of turfgrass used for winter overseeding in Louisiana? - ANS Perennial ryegrass Re-establishment of trufgrass is not recommended unless _________ % of turf cover has been lost. - ANS 50 Will following recommended planting practices help minimize thatch problems? - ANS No Which type of fertilizer has a slow release and low water solubility but a longer residual effect? - ANS synthetic organic Generally, no more than _______ of the lead blade on turfgrasses should be removed in one cutting. - ANS 1/3 Turfgrass pests can be classified as all but which of the following? - ANS nutrient leachers Is adding amendments to backfill soil recommended for transplanting trees? - ANS No What is not a consideration when transplanting a plant? - ANS landscape design Is mulch application a typical type of fertilizer application for trees? - ANS No When removing a live branch, pruning cuts should be made in branch tissue just outside the branch ____ and collar? - ANS bark ridge One should definitely not decapitate a palm below the _____________ in an attempt to reduce the height of the palm. Doing so will kill the palm. - ANS crown or leaves The best time of the year to transplant palms in Louisiana is _______? - ANS spring - summer When planting trees in the landscape, _____________ fertilizer may be placed 2 to 6 inches below grade and mixed with backfill. - ANS slow release A tree is a _________ woody plant with one or several vertical trunks which grow higher than 12' to 15' ht. - ANS perennial During the transplanting operation in a normal landscape setting, you would NOT: - ANS dig the hole 4 feet wider than needed _____ can be applied either in the planting hole or on the soil surface after planting or transplanting trees or shrubs. - ANS Fertilizer Pruning palms is __________ the plant which involves removing the leaves or inflorescences as they become senescent and unsightly. - ANS grooming The best planting or transplanting time in Louisiana is from late ______ through February even though many tree species are dug at other times of the year. - ANS November ____ is most important after planting trees and shrubs. - ANS Maintenance ________________ of trees and shrubs during times of dry weather is imperative, especially during the first several years. - ANS Irrigation When transplanting trees, remove wire or twine from around the trunk, and if BB, pull the burlap _________ down from around the ball. - ANS 2/3 It can take trees with a caliper of 4-6 inches _______ years or longer after transplanting to regain a root system sufficient enough to begin significant top growth. - ANS Two Plants that are ____ before transplanting will suffer more than vigorous ones. - ANS stressed Leaving the guy wire in place too long can cause _________ of the tree stem or trunk. - ANS breakage Mulch not only conserves soil moisture, but also prevents ________ from competing for nutrients and moisture. - ANS weeds What encourages the development of roots and shoots, promoting overall good health and vitality to plants? - ANS tree fertilization When transplanting palms, it is best to obtain as large a rootball as possible. An exception to this would be the _________________. Its roots may be cut to within one foot of the trunk. - ANS Cabbage Palm When transplanting palms, the plant should be given a ____________ to mat down the mulch and to firm up the soil. - ANS final soaking When transplanting palms, the ring of leaves immediately next to the bud should be removed to alleviate pressure on the bud. What practice should be used for handling the remaining leaves? - ANS They should be gathered around the emerging leaf and tied in place. _____________ or _____________ fertilizers are easier to use, less expensive, and are more efficient because they react faster and become available to plants more quickly. - ANS chemical or inorganic When deciding the type of ground cover to plant, take into account ________. a. the light requirements of the plant and the amount of sunlight the location gets b. the plant's growth habit c. the plant's texture and color - ANS all of these ____________ tissue is very important from the health standpoint of trees? - ANS Trunk _____________ are generally evergreen, low growing, and spreading ornamental plants. - ANS Ground covers Ground covers can be used for all purpose but ________________________. - ANS protect the soil from walk-through traffic compaction The high cost of installing ground covers is often offset by the eventual savings in _____. - ANS reduced maintenance A one-gallon ground cover is planted _______ o.c. and a 4" pots are planted ____ o.c. - ANS 1', 6" Annuals that are recommended to be grown in Louisiana shade gardens include all except ________. A. Periwinkle B. Coleus C. Impatients D. Begonia - ANS Periwinkle Annuals that are recommended for growth in bright, sunny spots include all except ___________. A. Dusty Miller B. Zinnia C. Marigold D. Lobella - ANS Lobella _____ are hardy plants that tolerate cold temperatures. - ANS Snapdragons ___ are low-growing plants that do well along the edges of beds. - ANS Alyssum __________ are tender plants and best for warmer conditions. - ANS Cosmos All but ________ are taller plants, which do better in the back of the bed. A. Cleome B. Pansy C. Amaranthus D. African Marigolds - ANS Pansy Perennials that bloom in the summer and fall should be divided in the _____. - ANS spring Can you use nasturtium, snapdragons, or stock in annual cut flower gardens? - ANS You can use all of these. Perennials are plants that live ____. - ANS more than two years The popularity of using perennials in the landscape has _______ because of the fact they do not have to be planted yearly and provide seasonal color. - ANS increased What are the advantages of using perennials in the landscape? - ANS 1. They provide seasonal color 2. They are relatively maintenance free 3. They do not have to be replanted each year Perennials that bloom in the spring should be divided in the ____. - ANS fall Is Scarlet Sage a recommended perennial for planting in Louisiana landscapes? - ANS No Is Moonvine one of a perennial bulb that is recommended for the Louisiana landscape? - ANS No ____ plants provide a sizeable portion of garden sales. - ANS Bedding Many landscaping needs can be solved through the use of ______ plants. - ANS herbaceous plants Bedding plants can also add "_________ ____________" to an established landscape. - ANS instant color The role of annuals and perennials in the landscape is primarily to provide _________. - ANS color When trying to establish a turfgrass using seed, the most important thing consumers should look at when purchasing is ________. - ANS the species and cultivar of the seed if tender perennials are not removed at the end of the warm season, and a mild winter occurs what may happen? - ANS they will survive and will bloom again in the summer This type of sodding is sometimes done on gold courses fairways particularly with zoysiagrass and is less expensive. - ANS Strip sodding __________ is the most frequently used material to raise soul pH when establishing turfgrasses. - ANS Limestone Generally, about ______ inches of sand should be incorporated into the upper six to eight inches of soil for improved turf growth. - ANS 4 Bermudagrass and Zoysiagrass prefer to be mowed at _______ or less. - ANS 1 inch St. Augustinegrads, Centipedegrass, and carpetgrass should be cut using a __________. - ANS rotary mower What is the planting season for bluebonnets? - ANS fall What is the botanical name for the perennial bulb Montbretia? - ANS Crocosmia pottsii A dull mower blade will _______, rather than cutting the leaf blade this reducing turf vigor. - ANS tear What is the botanical name for the perennial bulbs Canna? - ANS Canna x generalis What is the botanical name for the recommended perennials firebush? - ANS Hamelia patens What pests are considered nuisance pests in lawns but can be beneficial since they feed upon other more damaging turf insect pests? - ANS Fire ants What turfgrass is considered the most drought resistant of the warm-season turfgrasses? - ANS Zoysiagrass What is a key component to any successful turf management program? - ANS Efficient irrigation Which of the following is the botanical for the recommended perennials Mexican mint marigold? - ANS Tagetes lucida What is the botanical name for the recommended perennials cigar plant? - ANS Cuphea micropetala ____ and drainage are key elements in growing roses. - ANS Sunlight Roses require at least ____ - ____ hours of sunlight daily. - ANS 8-10 Container roses may be planted at any time of the year although summer is often avoided because of ____. - ANS drought stress When planting roses, a soil test should be made to determine whether soil ____ should be corrected. - ANS pH When planting roses, the bud union should be about ____ inches above the soil line. - ANS 2 As a general rule, roses require ____ inch(es) of water per week. - ANS 1 Wetting the foliage of roses is to be avoided because it leads to increased ____. - ANS incidence of disease Roses should begin a ___ program when new growth begins in the spring and continue through late August. - ANS fertilization Applying too much ____ can burn the roots and possibly kill the plant. - ANS fertilizer Although light regular feedings are most effective, a ____ application of fertilizer following pruning is often more feasible. - ANS spring and fall An ___ retains moisture in the soil, keeps the roots cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter, and prevents growth. - ANS organic mulch c. payment or labor and materials bond d. contract bond - ANS Contract Bond A _____ bond is the most common type of bond purchased. It protects the owner from default on a job according to the agreement by the landscape contractor. - ANS Performance Bond In most projects involving landscaping construction, a client is well advised to employ a ____. - ANS Landscape Architect A _____ is responsible for all aspects of the landscape design. - ANS Landscape Architect A ___ bond assures payment of all labor and material costs directly related to the job. - ANS Payment or Labor and Materials Bond Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be taken into consideration during an on-site visit? a. type of soil b. drainage conditions c. location of underground utilities d. cleanliness - ANS cleanliness Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be used to determine material and labor costs? A. food and travel expenses B. direct job expenses C. indirect job expenses D. overhead expenses - ANS food and travel expenses Which of the following is NOT an item typically included in a landscaping contract? a. scope of work and services provided b. payment c. specifications of work to be done d. vacation days - ANS vacation days ____ are the costs that are generally the most difficult to calculate and require experience with actual landscape installation in order to be estimated properly - ANS Direct job expenses Mrs. Ethel, your elderly neighbor, has hired you to plant and azalea bush in her front yard. You use the opportunity to develop a landscaping bid for your SAE handbook. You determine that 1 azalea is a 3 gallon container costs $6.50. Your labor rate is $12 per hour. it takes you half an hour to plant the bush to Mrs. Ethel's specifications. Also, you charge a 25% profit margin. What is Mrs. Ethel's total fee for your services? - ANS $15.62 Which of the following is NOT a commonly used type of contract? A. sum-plus contract B. Fixed-price contract C. unit-price contract D. cost-plus contract - ANS sum-plus contract The ____ has standardized preprinted contracts available that may be suitable for landscape contractual use. - ANS American Institute of Architects ______ is the most common form of general contract in which the owner aggress to pay a set amount to the contractor for executing the services specified in the contract. - ANS Fixed-Price Contract In a _____ contract, the owner pays the contractor for necessary costs incurred in the construction of the project. - ANS Cost-Plus Contract During inspection for final acceptance, the landscape contractor should have a(n) ______ to be signed by the client. - ANS Acceptance Form It is not a Louisiana law to include a warranty or guarantee for plants installed by the landscape contractor, but it is common practice to include a ___ day guarantee in the contract. - ANS 90 When shopping for a subcontract, the contract should preferably be rewarded to the _____. - ANS lowest bidder It is unwise to participate in _____ because the subcontractor receives the job may well be forced into a choice between doing the job at a loss or resorting to substandard workmanship. - ANS bid peddling Is meeting the needs of the home owner a component of successful pest management? - ANS No A successful pest management system will: - ANS use a combination of methods to manage pests Is removal of pests from the host a non-pesticide method of pest management? - ANS No ____ control is the rotation of crops and using tilling to control pests. - ANS Cultural _____ control uses traps screens, barriers and electricity to prevent the spread of pests or reduce infestations. - ANS Mechanical _____ control involves the use of naturally occurring enemies of pests. - ANS Biological _______ is a form of pest control where plant varieties are developed which are immune to certain pests. - ANS Host resistance _____ is one of the main attributes of insects and disease problems that is not associated with healthy plants. - ANS Stress This pesticides is used to control mites, ticks, and spiders. - ANS acaricide Thispesticide is used to control organisms like bacillus, coccus, and spirillum. - ANS bactericide This pesticide is used to control organisms such as slugs and snails. - ANS molluscicide This pesticide is used to control organisms such as caterpillars, beetles, and aphids. - ANS insecticide Arsenic, copper boron, chlorine, and sulfur are all used in making pesticides. Which of these is used in making synthetic pesticides: arsenic, chlorine, copper, or sulfur? - ANS Chlorine This pesticide is used to control organisms such as rats and mice. - ANS rodenticides What is not a common origin of pesticides? - ANS petroleum (based pesticides) ____ are generally the fastest way to manage pests. - ANS Pesticides This pesticide is used to control organisms such as dandelions, crabgrass, and clover. - ANS herbicide These pesticides are made from minerals: - ANS inorganic pesticides These pesticides interfere with the development of pests and cause sterility: - ANS growth regulators Pesticides kill in a variety of ways. which of these is not a method? - ANS preventing reproduction This method of poisoning kills pests by simply touching them. - ANS contact poisons A pesticide that is toxic to some kinds of plants or animals but not to others is said to be ____? - ANS selective You are nursery owner and a customer approaches you about a pest problem in her garden. She wants a pesticide that will be safe, naturally occurring and effective. Which