Louisiana Landscape Horticulture Exam: Insects, Plant Diseases, and Pest Management, Exams of Gardening and Horticulture

Download Louisiana Landscape Horticulture Exam: Insects, Plant Diseases, and Pest Management and more Exams Gardening and Horticulture in PDF only on Docsity! Louisiana Landscape Horticultu re Contractor Exam 85 Questions with Verified Answers. Six legs attached to thorax. Head, thorax, abdomen. One pair of antennae. One or two pairs of wings. - ANS List key identifying characteristics of insects - ANS What is the fertilizer equation Head, thorax, abdomen - ANS What are an insects three body regions? Chewing (with strong mandibles), sucking (like a butterfly proboscis), piercing-sucking (like aphids) - ANS What are the three different types of insect mouthparts? Metamorphosis is the changes through which an insect passes from the young form into an adult. Gradual (simple) metamorphosis is characterized by young which closely resemble the adult. Egg > nymph > adult. The young pass through phases (instars, "first instar," "second instar"). The time interval between two instars in a stadium. Complete metamorphosis is characterized by four completely different life stages. Egg > larva > pupa > adult. The larva look nothing like the adult and are usually wormlike. The pupa phase does not feed and is usually inactive. They often pass the winter in this phase. - ANS What does metamorphosis mean? What are the two types of insect metamorphosis? The transformation stage between larva and adult of the more advanced insects - ANS Define pupa Non-pathogenic (nutrient deficiencies, bad environmental conditions) and pathogenic (fungus, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, etc) - ANS What are the two types of plant diseases? Environmental factors cause many non-pathogenic diseases, such as too wet or dry soil, too high or low temperature, air or chemical pollution. Environmental factors also aid the development of pathogenic diseases (e.g.a warm winter allows pests to maintain a large population, fungus grows in moist conditions) - ANS What are some environmental factors that contribute to plant diseases? (1) A susceptible host (2) a parasitic organism (3) environmental conditions favorable to the development of the organism - ANS What three factors are required for a pathogenic disease? YES!! Love me some soil fungus - ANS Are any fungi beneficial? (1) Mycelial Fragments -- a piece of a fungus "root" gets moved and a fungus grows out of it kind of like a rhizome. Asexual. (2) Spores -- Fertilized single cell or multi-cell microscopic pieces that are usually transported by wind or water. Sexual. (3)Sclerotia -- A hardened piece of mycelial ("root") that will germinate when conditions are correct years later. - ANS Describe the reproductive process of fungi (1) Direct penetration -- A spore uses an enzyme or pressure to break through the plant's protective barrier (2) Stomata penetration -- Fungi enter through open or closed plant stomates (where they transpire) (3) Wound penetration -- Pruning wounds, cuts to the plant, etc - ANS What are some ways in which a fungus enters a plant? Fungi are multi-celled organisms that reproduce sexually and asexually. Bacteria are one celled organisms. They reproduce by simple cell division (asexual), and cannot reproduce sexually. - ANS How do bacteria differ from fungi? They are (microscopic) eel-like soil borne animals. They either burrow into the roots - ANS What are nematodes, and how can they cause plant disease? A disease where young seedlings die. Especially common in cool and wet environments - ANS What is damping-off? Both terms describe negative characteristics of leaves. Chlorotic--Yellowing, pale leaves. Usually caused by insufficient nutrients. (Chlorotic = insufficient chlorophyll) Necrotic--Dead leaves or tissue - ANS Explain the difference between the terms chlorotic and necrotic Molluscicide - ANS What product controls garden snails? Sevin, Malathion. They are synthetic because they are man-made in a lab. They are organic because they use organic chemistry molecules (carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, phosphorus, nitrogen) - ANS What is an example of a synthetic organic pesticide? (1) Can harm the plant (2) Can encourage resistance - ANS How can too much pesticide be harmful? EC -- Emulsifiable concentrate. Can be mixed with water to form an emulsion. (2) Apply slow release fertilizer if desired (3) Guy and stack trees (4) Create a levee around the root ball, and mulch (5) Do not prune - ANS List the basic steps in properly planting a tree Smaller - ANS Generally, will a larger or smaller plant of the same species transplant better? Late November through February - ANS What is the best planting or transplanting time for trees in Louisiana? How much the twigs grew in the past year (if less than 2", fertilization is recommended, if between 2"-6", consider fertilization) Length of time since last fertilization Desire for more new growth Soil test indicates needing nutrients - ANS Name two factors used in determining the need to fertilize trees 1. Surface / broadcast method 2. Slow release 3. Soil incorporation (drill hole) 4. Soluble or suspended fertilizer soil injection (8"-12" deep soluble injection) 5. Foliar sprays 6. Trunk injections and implants - ANS List six ways trees are fertilized Thinning cut--Removes a branch at point of attachment. It opens up a tree and helps retain the natural state. It is the preferred method Heading cut -- cutting back a non-terminal branch. This is not preferred because new shoots will jump out from where it was cut and little effect will happen - ANS Briefly describe thinning cuts vs. heading cuts. Which is most useful in pruning trees? Three-cut method of removing a branch. Label the location of the branch collar and bark ridge - ANS $$$ Removing the lower branches of a tree in order to provide overhead clearance - ANS What is meant by crown raising? Climbing spurs are spikes that aid in climbing a tree. It is appropriate to use them when removing a tree, reaching an injured climber, or if two branches are more than throw- line distance away from each other - ANS What are climbing spurs? When is it appropriate to use them? Erosion control Lawn maintenance reduction Filling narrow or odd-shaped areas Vegetative growth where grass is difficult Reduces temprature and glare - ANS What are some important functions of ground covers? Sun - Radicans gardenia Shore Juniper Liriope Gumpo Azalea Sedum Shade - Asian jasmine Mondo grass Dwarf mondo grass Holly fern English ivy - ANS Name five ground covers that perform best in shade? Sun? Keep the ground cover in the bed or area that it is desired - ANS How should you trim "vining ground covers?" 1. Use masses of the same color for visual impact 2 Use colors which pleasantly contrast with the background 3. Use combinations that blend together 4. Locate color where you want to draw the visitor's eye - ANS List some guidelines to follow when designing a color bed - ANS Discuss bed preparation, watering, and maintenance for bedding plants - ANS List 10 annuals and perennials and discuss their exposure, spacing, height, month of bloom, cold hardiness, use, and planting season 8-10 hours - ANS What is the minimum amount of full sunlight roses should receive? Bare root: Dec - Feb Container: Anytime besides summer Transplant: Dec - Feb - ANS What are the best months to plant roses? Transplant? Raised beds, add draining-assisting amendments, slow release fertilizer, soil test for pH - ANS Describe the best bed proparation for roses One inch of water per week. Do not like wet feet. Regular feeding from March through late august - ANS Discuss the watering and feeding requirements for roses Thrips, Aphids, spider mites. Black spot fungus - ANS What prinicpal insects causes problems on roses? Diseases? Arborist, retail florist, wholesale florist, horticulturalist, landscape architect, landscape contractor - ANS Give five examples of horticulture professions regulated by the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry Pass a state licensing exam and pay an annual fee - ANS In order to obtain a license, a landscape contractor must ____ and _____ 1. Insurance 2. Accountants 3. Bonding - ANS Name three services needed by a contracting business Landscape architiects are responsible for all aspects of the landscape design, including preparing the drawings necessary for the implementation of the project and estimating the proposed cost for the client - ANS What do landscape architects do? Labor Materials Indirect job expenses (down time, rain time, cancelled apts) Overhead expenses Contingency cost (unexpected expenses) Guarantee cost (expectation of having to fulfill warranty) - ANS Name six types of expenses that should be considered when developing competitive bids A contract is an agreement enforceable by law - ANS What is a contract? False, go check it out - ANS True or False: it is not necessary for the bidder to visit the project site for personal inspection or meet with the prospective client before bidding on a job 1. Lump sum / fixed price contracts 2. Unit price contracts 3.Cost-plus contracts - ANS Name and briefly describe three types of contracts - ANS In reviewing contracts and subcontracts, list five of the "unexpected" costs that can seriously affect cost estimates and should be given careful consideration bfore submitting a bid False, although 90 days is a common practice - ANS True or false: Louisiana law requires a warranty or guarantee for plants installed by the landscape contractor Stolonizing -- Shredded sod is spread over a well prepared seedbed (bermudagrass & zoysiagrass) Sprigging -- Stolons are placed (usually mechanically) partially above the ground.