Proteins & Membranes in Cellular Processes: Focus on Transport & Channel Proteins, Exams of Nursing

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LSU BIOL 1001 test 2 hrincevich 2023 study guide solution receptor proteins - trigger cellular responses upon binding of specific molecules (hormones) of other cells recognition proteins - glycoproteins that serve as identification tags on the surface of a cell (i.e. "nametag") enzymatic proteins - promote chemical reactions that synthesize or break apart biological molecules attachment proteins - anchor the cell membrane to the inner cytoskeleton, to proteins outside the cell, and to other cells transport proteins - regulate the movement of hydrophilic molecules through the plasma membrane channel proteins - form channels to allow specific ions or water molecules to pass through the membrane carrier proteins - have binding sites that can temporarily attach to specific molecules on one side of the membrane and then move them through the membrane to the other side fluid - a substance whose molecules can flow past one another (have no defined shape) solute - a substance that can be dissolved (atoms, ions, or molecules) in a solvent solvent - a fluid capable of dissolving a solute concentration - defines the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent gradient - a physical difference in temperature, pressure, charge, or concentration between two adjoining regions of space within the fluid mosaic of a plasma membrane, what is the role of transport and channel proteins? - they permit salts and sugars to move through the plasma membrane passive transport - movement of substances across cell membranes down concentration gradients, no energy required facilitated diffusion; passive or energy-requiring? - passive simple diffusion; passive or energy-requiring? - passive osmosis; passive or energy-requiring? - passive active transport; passive or energy-requiring? - energy-requiring endocytosis; passive or energy-requiring? - energy-requiring exocytosis; passive or energy-requiring? - energy-requiring simple diffusion - substances move down their concentration gradients across a membrane facilitated diffusion - substances move down their concentration gradients with the help of channel and carrier transport proteins osmosis - diffusion of water across selectively permeable membranes, from high concentration to low concentration energy-requiring transport - movement of substances into or out of a cell using cellular energy, usually supplied by ATP active transport - proteins use energy to move substances across plasma membranes, against their concentration graidents in the liver, the polysaccharide glycogen is broken down into glucose monomers. the glucose molecules are then released into the blood when blood sugar levels need to be raised. this process is an example of what type of reaction? - exergonic desmosomes - attach cells together, are found where cells need to adhere tightly together under the stresses of movement (i.e. small intestine) tight junctions - make cell attachments leakproof, found where tubes and sacs must hold contents without leaking (i.e. urinary bladder) gap junctions - animals; allow for direct communication between cells plasmodesmata - plants; allow for direct communication between cells imagine you are conducting an experiment on a yeast enzyme known as sucrase. this enzyme is used by yeast cells to break down sucrose into glucose and fructose. what type of reaction is this? - exergonic entropy is a measure of an increase in what? - randomness energy - the capacity to do work work - a force acting on an object that causes that object to move chemical energy - the energy that is contained in molecules and released by chemical reactions the energy of the movement of electrons down a concentration gradient via electron transport within chloroplasts and mitochondria is used to generate molecules of - ATP potential energy - stored energy, i.e. chemical energy in bonds, electrical charge in a battery, rock at top of a hill kinetic energy - energy of movement, i.e. light, heat, electricity, and the movement of objects where is glucose synthesized during photosynthesis? - cytoplasm albino corn has no chlorophyll. you would expect albino corn seedlings to - fail to thrive because they cannot capture light energy hydrogen ions cross the thylakoid membranes from the stroma by - active transport first law of thermodynamics - energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can change form the second law of thermodynamics - the amount of useful energy decreases when energy is converted from one form to another entropy - a measure of disorder or more precisely unpredictability which process of photosynthesis is linked to the production of ATP - photosystem II c3 plants are adapted to environmental conditions, whereas c4 plants are adapted to conditions - dry; wet during the process of photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to - chemical energy which of the following provides oxygen as an end product - light reaction the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is to - produce energy-rich ATP and NADPH the energy source in photosynthesis is - visible light if no oxygen is available to a cell, then the net ATP production resulting from the metabolism of a single glucose molecule is what? - two ATP molecules chemiosmosis links a hydrogen ion gradient to the production of ATP. true or false - true competitive inhibition - substance that is not the enzyme's normal substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, competing with the substrate for the active site the term "chemiosmosis" is associated with which process - the electron transport chain when oxygen is present, what happens? - most animal cells utilize aerobic cellular respiration during glycolysis, "glucose activation" refers to what? - use of two ATP molecules to make one fructose bisphosphate molecule the step in aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose is what - chemiosmosis at the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form what - two molecules of pyruvate which of the following processes occurs in a membrane? a. glycolysis b. the krebs cycle c. the electron transport chain - the electron transport chain carbon dioxide is considered a waste product of cellular respiration, true or false - true chemical reaction - a process that forms or breaks chemical bonds holding atoms together exergonic - releases energy endergonic - input of energy metabolism - the sum of all the chemical reactions inside a cell