Soil and Mineral Formation: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Geology

Download Soil and Mineral Formation: Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Geology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Times Beach, Missouri DEFINITION 1 contaminated with dioxin from oil sprayed on the road to control dust. government bought the town and now it's a state park. dioxin accumulates in fatty tissues TERM 2 Soil Development DEFINITION 2 complex. 4 processes and five basic soil forming factors TERM 3 Soil Development- Processes DEFINITION 3 1. additions 2. transformations (changes) 3. translocations (movement) 4. losses (water dissolves material) TERM 4 Soil Development- Soil Forming Factors DEFINITION 4 1. parent material 2. climate 3. living and dead organisms 4. time 5. landscape position... if all the same, same soil. if one or more changes, different soil TERM 5 Soil Profile DEFINITION 5 layering parallel to the surface created by vertical and horizontal movements of material. layers are called horizons. TERM 6 O Horizon DEFINITION 6 organic material. dark brown or black. (top) TERM 7 A Horizon DEFINITION 7 mineral and organic material. light black to brown. leaching (dissolving, washing, or draining earth by percolation of groundwater or other liquids, moves Fe and Ca to B horizon) TERM 8 E Horizon DEFINITION 8 lightly colored materials resulting from leaching clay, Ca, Mg, and Fe. A and E horizons together make the zone of leaching TERM 9 B Horizon DEFINITION 9 enriched in clay, iron oxides, silica, carbonate, or other material from overlying horizons. zone of accumulation TERM 10 C Horizon DEFINITION 10 partially altered (weathered) parent material. stained red with oxides TERM 21 Effects of Agriculture on Soil Erosion DEFINITION 21 in the past 50 years, soil erosion and overuse due to extensive agriculture damaged about 10% of best ag land in world. in us, about 1/3 topsoil lost due to erosion TERM 22 Methods to Remove Contaminated Soil DEFINITION 22 excavation, disposal, incineration, bioremediation. TERM 23 Abundant vs Scarce Metals DEFINITION 23 abundant= >0.1% in earth's crust. scarce = TERM 24 Building Materials DEFINITION 24 concrete: sand, gravel, crushed stone. tile: clay. cinderblock: volcanic ash. TERM 25 Oceanic Ridge Hydrothermal Systems DEFINITION 25 create massive sulfide deposits. divergent plate boundaries. TERM 26 Six Factors that Determine if a Rock is an Ore DEFINITION 26 grade (concentration), mineralogy, size and depth of deposit, location, market value, byproducts (such as waste) TERM 27 Management of Mineral Resources DEFINITION 27 need to be carefully managed. nonrenewable heritage of the past. tend to be hidden, but most that are easy to find have already been found. eventually supply will be exhausted TERM 28 Metallic Ore DEFINITION 28 useful metallic minerals that can be mined for a profit. profitable concentrations vary with technology, economics, and politics. TERM 29 Concentration Factor (CF) DEFINITION 29 how many times the average crustal concentration has to be increased so that the metal can be mined for a profit. changes with time as the demand (and price) of the metal changes TERM 30 Diamonds DEFINITION 30 form in the mantle and are brought to the surface in kimberlite pipes, which are long thing bodies of igneous rocks that form explosively. TERM 31 Environmental Impact of Mining Factors DEFINITION 31 mining procedure, local hydrolic conditions, climate, rock types, size of operation, topography.. (all of the above) TERM 32 Air Pollution DEFINITION 32 smelting releases pollutants like SO2/acid rain. dust from mineral mines. even after operations have stopped like in russia. TERM 33 Direct vs Indirect Impact on Biological Environment DEFINITION 33 direct: death of plants/animals from contact with toxic soil or water. indirect: changes in nutrient cycling, biomass, species diversity, ecosystem stability. TERM 34 Itai Itai Disease DEFINITION 34 attacks bones and makes them brittle TERM 35 Waste DEFINITION 35 primary environmental impact of mineral use. produces toxic pollutants. aesthetically undesirable. degrade air, water, and soil. deplete non renewable mineral resources TERM 46 Integrated Waste Management (IWM) DEFINITION 46 reduce (make less waste), recycle (can reduce waste to be disposed by 50%), reuse (not all waste is really waste). emerged in the 80s. TERM 47 Percent of Waste sent to Landfills DEFINITION 47 90% of waste sent to landfills in the 1980s. only 65% today. TERM 48 Waste Incineration DEFINITION 48 reduction of combustible waste to inert residue by high temp (900-1000C). 50% reduction of waste. advantages: signif reduction of waste, save landfill space, generate electric power. disadvantages: not clean, need govt subsidies, expensive. TERM 49 Chemicals on the Market DEFINITION 49 in the us alone, 1000 new chemicals each year. 50,000 already on the market. us generates 150 million tons of hazardous waste each year. TERM 50 Deep Well Injection System DEFINITION 50 disposal reservoir is sandstone or fractured limestone capped by impermeable rock and isolated from fresh water. not a quick and easy solution because there are a limited number. can cause earthquakes.