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Magna Carta of 1215: English Legal Charter, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Law

The Magna Carta, signed in 1215, is a significant legal document in English history. It was issued by King John to establish a legal framework to protect the rights of the nobility, ensure fair governance, and limit the power of the monarchy. This charter established the principle that the king was not above the law and set important precedents for the development of constitutional law.

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Download Magna Carta of 1215: English Legal Charter and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Law in PDF only on Docsity! Magna  Charta,  1215   JOHN,  by  the  grace  of  God  King  of  England,  Lord  of  Ireland,  Duke  of  Normandy  and   Aquitaine,  and  Count  of  Anjou,  to  his  archbishops,  bishops,  abbots,  earls,  barons,   justices,  foresters,  sheriffs,  stewards,  servants,  and  to  all  his  officials  and  loyal  subjects,   Greeting.   KNOW  THAT  BEFORE  GOD,  for  the  health  of  our  soul  and  those  of  our  ancestors  and   heirs,  to  the  honour  of  God,  the  exaltation  of  the  holy  Church,  and  the  better  ordering   of  our  kingdom,  at  the  advice  of  our  reverend  fathers  Stephen,  archbishop  of   Canterbury,  primate  of  all  England,  and  cardinal  of  the  holy  Roman  Church,  Henry   archbishop  of  Dublin,  William  bishop  of  London,  Peter  bishop  of  Winchester,  Jocelin   bishop  of  Bath  and  Glastonbury,  Hugh  bishop  of  Lincoln,  Walter  Bishop  of  Worcester,   William  bishop  of  Coventry,  Benedict  bishop  of  Rochester,  Master  Pandulf  subdeacon   and  member  of  the  papal  household,  Brother  Aymeric  master  of  the  knighthood  of  the   Temple  in  England,  William  Marshal  earl  of  Pembroke,  William  earl  of  Salisbury,  William   earl  of  Warren,  William  earl  of  Arundel,  Alan  de  Galloway  constable  of  Scotland,  Warin   Fitz  Gerald,  Peter  Fitz  Herbert,  Hubert  de  Burgh  seneschal  of  Poitou,  Hugh  de  Neville,   Matthew  Fitz  Herbert,  Thomas  Basset,  Alan  Basset,  Philip  Daubeny,  Robert  de  Roppeley,   John  Marshal,  John  Fitz  Hugh,  and  other  loyal  subjects:   (1)  FIRST,  THAT  WE  HAVE  GRANTED  TO  GOD,  and  by  this  present  charter  have   confirmed  for  us  and  our  heirs  in  perpetuity,  that  the  English  Church  shall  be  free,  and   shall  have  its  rights  undiminished,  and  its  liberties  unimpaired.  That  we  wish  this  so  to   be  observed,  appears  from  the  fact  that  of  our  own  free  will,  before  the  outbreak  of  the   present  dispute  between  us  and  our  barons,  we  granted  and  confirmed  by  charter  the   freedom  of  the  Church's  elections  -­‐  a  right  reckoned  to  be  of  the  greatest  necessity  and   importance  to  it  -­‐  and  caused  this  to  be  confirmed  by  Pope  Innocent  III.  This  freedom  we   shall  observe  ourselves,  and  desire  to  be  observed  in  good  faith  by  our  heirs  in   perpetuity.    TO  ALL  FREE  MEN  OF  OUR  KINGDOM  we  have  also  granted,  for  us  and  our  heirs  for   ever,  all  the  liberties  written  out  below,  to  have  and  to  keep  for  them  and  their  heirs,  of   us  and  our  heirs:   (2)  If  any  earl,  baron,  or  other  person  that  holds  lands  directly  of  the  Crown,  for  military   service,  shall  die,  and  at  his  death  his  heir  shall  be  of  full  age  and  owe  a  `relief',  the  heir   shall  have  his  inheritance  on  payment  of  the  ancient  scale  of  `relief'.  That  is  to  say,  the   heir  or  heirs  of  an  earl  shall  pay  £100  for  the  entire  earl's  barony,  the  heir  or  heirs  of  a   knight  l00s.  at  most  for  the  entire  knight's  `fee',  and  any  man  that  owes  less  shall  pay   less,  in  accordance  with  the  ancient  usage  of  `fees'   (3)  But  if  the  heir  of  such  a  person  is  under  age  and  a  ward,  when  he  comes  of  age  he   shall  have  his  inheritance  without  `relief'  or  fine.   (4)  The  guardian  of  the  land  of  an  heir  who  is  under  age  shall  take  from  it  only   reasonable  revenues,  customary  dues,  and  feudal  services.  He  shall  do  this  without   destruction  or  damage  to  men  or  property.  If  we  have  given  the  guardianship  of  the   land  to  a  sheriff,  or  to  any  person  answerable  to  us  for  the  revenues,  and  he  commits   destruction  or  damage,  we  will  exact  compensation  from  him,  and  the  land  shall  be   entrusted  to  two  worthy  and  prudent  men  of  the  same  `fee',  who  shall  be  answerable  to   us  for  the  revenues,  or  to  the  person  to  whom  we  have  assigned  them.  If  we  have  given   or  sold  to  anyone  the  guardianship  of  such  land,  and  he  causes  destruction  or  damage,   he  shall  lose  the  guardianship  of  it,  and  it  shall  be  handed  over  to  two  worthy  and   prudent  men  of  the  same  `fee',  who  shall  be  similarly  answerable  to  us.   (5)  For  so  long  as  a  guardian  has  guardianship  of  such  land,  he  shall  maintain  the  houses,   parks,  fish  preserves,  ponds,  mills,  and  everything  else  pertaining  to  it,  from  the   revenues  of  the  land  itself.  When  the  heir  comes  of  age,  he  shall  restore  the  whole  land   to  him,  stocked  with  plough  teams  and  such  implements  of  husbandry  as  the  season   demands  and  the  revenues  from  the  land  can  reasonably  bear.   (6)  Heirs  may  be  given  in  marriage,  but  not  to  someone  of  lower  social  standing.  Before   a  marriage  takes  place,  it  shall  be'  made  known  to  the  heir's  next-­‐of-­‐kin.   (7)  At  her  husband's  death,  a  widow  may  have  her  marriage  portion  and  inheritance  at   once  and  without  trouble.  She  shall  pay  nothing  for  her  dower,  marriage  portion,  or  any   inheritance  that  she  and  her  husband  held  jointly  on  the  day  of  his  death.  She  may   remain  in  her  husband's  house  for  forty  days  after  his  death,  and  within  this  period  her   dower  shall  be  assigned  to  her.   (8)  No  widow  shall  be  compelled  to  marry,  so  long  as  she  wishes  to  remain  without  a   husband.  But  she  must  give  security  that  she  will  not  marry  without  royal  consent,  if  she   holds  her  lands  of  the  Crown,  or  without  the  consent  of  whatever  other  lord  she  may   hold  them  of.   (9)  Neither  we  nor  our  officials  will  seize  any  land  or  rent  in  payment  of  a  debt,  so  long   as  the  debtor  has  movable  goods  sufficient  to  discharge  the  debt.  A  debtor's  sureties   shall  not  be  distrained  upon  so  long  as  the  debtor  himself  can  discharge  his  debt.  If,  for   lack  of  means,  the  debtor  is  unable  to  discharge  his  debt,  his  sureties  shall  be   answerable  for  it.  If  they  so  desire,  they  may  have  the  debtor's  lands  and  rents  until  they   have  received  satisfaction  for  the  debt  that  they  paid  for  him,  unless  the  debtor  can   show  that  he  has  settled  his  obligations  to  them.   (10)  If  anyone  who  has  borrowed  a  sum  of  money  from  Jews  dies  before  the  debt  has   been  repaid,  his  heir  shall  pay  no  interest  on  the  debt  for  so  long  as  he  remains  under   age,  irrespective  of  whom  he  holds  his  lands.  If  such  a  debt  falls  into  the  hands  of  the   Crown,  it  will  take  nothing  except  the  principal  sum  specified  in  the  bond.   (11)  If  a  man  dies  owing  money  to  Jews,  his  wife  may  have  her  dower  and  pay  nothing   (31)  Neither  we  nor  any  royal  official  will  take  wood  for  our  castle,  or  for  any  other   purpose,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner.   (32)  We  will  not  keep  the  lands  of  people  convicted  of  felony  in  our  hand  for  longer  than   a  year  and  a  day,  after  which  they  shall  be  returned  to  the  lords  of  the  `fees'  concerned.   (33)  All  fish-­‐weirs  shall  be  removed  from  the  Thames,  the  Medway,  and  throughout  the   whole  of  England,  except  on  the  sea  coast.   (34)  The  writ  called  precipe  shall  not  in  future  be  issued  to  anyone  in  respect  of  any   holding  of  land,  if  a  free  man  could  thereby  be  deprived  of  the  right  of  trial  in  his  own   lord's  court.   (35)  There  shall  be  standard  measures  of  wine,  ale,  and  corn  (the  London  quarter),   throughout  the  kingdom.  There  shall  also  be  a  standard  width  of  dyed  cloth,  russett,  and   haberject,  namely  two  ells  within  the  selvedges.  Weights  are  to  be  standardised   similarly.   (36)  In  future  nothing  shall  be  paid  or  accepted  for  the  issue  of  a  writ  of  inquisition  of   life  or  limbs.  It  shall  be  given  gratis,  and  not  refused.   (37)  If  a  man  holds  land  of  the  Crown  by  `fee-­‐farm',  `socage',  or  `burgage',  and  also   holds  land  of  someone  else  for  knight's  service,  we  will  not  have  guardianship  of  his   heir,  nor  of  the  land  that  belongs  to  the  other  person's  `fee',  by  virtue  of  the  `fee-­‐farm',   `socage',  or  `burgage',  unless  the  `fee-­‐farm'  owes  knight's  service.  We  will  not  have  the   guardianship  of  a  man's  heir,  or  of  land  that  he  holds  of  someone  else,  by  reason  of  any   small  property  that  he  may  hold  of  the  Crown  for  a  service  of  knives,  arrows,  or  the  like.   (38)  In  future  no  official  shall  place  a  man  on  trial  upon  his  own  unsupported  statement,   without  producing  credible  witnesses  to  the  truth  of  it.   (39)  No  free  man  shall  be  seized  or  imprisoned,  or  stripped  of  his  rights  or  possessions,   or  outlawed  or  exiled,  or  deprived  of  his  standing  in  any  other  way,  nor  will  we  proceed   with  force  against  him,  or  send  others  to  do  so,  except  by  the  lawful  judgement  of  his   equals  or  by  the  law  of  the  land.   (40)  To  no  one  will  we  sell,  to  no  one  deny  or  delay  right  or  justice.   All  merchants  may  enter  or  leave  England  unharmed  and  without  fear,  and  may  stay  or   travel  within  it,  by  land  or  water,  for  purposes  of  trade,  free  from  all  illegal  exactions,  in   accordance  with  ancient  and  lawful  customs.  This,  however,  does  not  apply  in  time  of   war  to  merchants  from  a  country  that  is  at  war  with  us.  Any  such  merchants  found  in   our  country  at  the  outbreak  of  war  shall  be  detained  without  injury  to  their  persons  or   property,  until  we  or  our  chief  justice  have  discovered  how  our  own  merchants  are   being  treated  in  the  country  at  war  with  us.  If  our  own  merchants  are  safe  they  shall  be   safe  too.   (42)  In  future  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  man  to  leave  and  return  to  our  kingdom   unharmed  and  without  fear,  by  land  or  water,  preserving  his  allegiance  to  us,  except  in   time  of  war,  for  some  short  period,  for  the  common  benefit  of  the  realm.  People  that   have  been  imprisoned  or  outlawed  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the  land,  people  from   a  country  that  is  at  war  with  us,  and  merchants  -­‐  who  shall  be  dealt  with  as  stated  above   -­‐  are  excepted  from  this  provision.   (43)  If  a  man  holds  lands  of  any  `escheat'  such  as  the  `honour'  of  Wallingford,   Nottingham,  Boulogne,  Lancaster,  or  of  other  `escheats'  in  our  hand  that  are  baronies,   at  his  death  his  heir  shall  give  us  only  the  `relief'  and  service  that  he  would  have  made  to   the  baron,  had  the  barony  been  in  the  baron's  hand.  We  will  hold  the  `escheat'  in  the   same  manner  as  the  baron  held  it.   (44)  People  who  live  outside  the  forest  need  not  in  future  appear  before  the  royal   justices  of  the  forest  in  answer  to  general  summonses,  unless  they  are  actually  involved   in  proceedings  or  are  sureties  for  someone  who  has  been  seized  for  a  forest  offence.   (45)  We  will  appoint  as  justices,  constables,  sheriffs,  or  other  officials,  only  men  that   know  the  law  of  the  realm  and  are  minded  to  keep  it  well.   (46)  All  barons  who  have  founded  abbeys,  and  have  charters  of  English  kings  or  ancient   tenure  as  evidence  of  this,  may  have  guardianship  of  them  when  there  is  no  abbot,  as  is   their  due.   (47)  All  forests  that  have  been  created  in  our  reign  shall  at  once  be  disafforested.  River-­‐ banks  that  have  been  enclosed  in  our  reign  shall  be  treated  similarly.   (48)  All  evil  customs  relating  to  forests  and  warrens,  foresters,  warreners,  sheriffs  and   their  servants,  or  river-­‐banks  and  their  wardens,  are  at  once  to  be  investigated  in  every   county  by  twelve  sworn  knights  of  the  county,  and  within  forty  days  of  their  enquiry  the   evil  customs  are  to  be  abolished  completely  and  irrevocably.  But  we,  or  our  chief  justice   if  we  are  not  in  England,  are  first  to  be  informed.   (49)  We  will  at  once  return  all  hostages  and  charters  delivered  up  to  us  by  Englishmen  as   security  for  peace  or  for  loyal  service.   (50)  We  will  remove  completely  from  their  offices  the  kinsmen  of  Gerard  de  Athée,  and   in  future  they  shall  hold  no  offices  in  England.  The  people  in  question  are  Engelard  de   Cigogné',  Peter,  Guy,  and  Andrew  de  Chanceaux,  Guy  de  Cigogné,  Geoffrey  de  Martigny   and  his  brothers,  Philip  Marc  and  his  brothers,  with  Geoffrey  his  nephew,  and  all  their   followers.   (51)  As  soon  as  peace  is  restored,  we  will  remove  from  the  kingdom  all  the  foreign   knights,  bowmen,  their  attendants,  and  the  mercenaries  that  have  come  to  it,  to  its   harm,  with  horses  and  arms.   (52)  To  any  man  whom  we  have  deprived  or  dispossessed  of  lands,  castles,  liberties,  or   rights,  without  the  lawful  judgement  of  his  equals,  we  will  at  once  restore  these.  In   cases  of  dispute  the  matter  shall  be  resolved  by  the  judgement  of  the  twenty-­‐five   barons  referred  to  below  in  the  clause  for  securing  the  peace  (§  61).  In  cases,  however,   where  a  man  was  deprived  or  dispossessed  of  something  without  the  lawful  judgement   of  his  equals  by  our  father  King  Henry  or  our  brother  King  Richard,  and  it  remains  in  our   hands  or  is  held  by  others  under  our  warranty,  we  shall  have  respite  for  the  period   commonly  allowed  to  Crusaders,  unless  a  lawsuit  had  been  begun,  or  an  enquiry  had   been  made  at  our  order,  before  we  took  the  Cross  as  a  Crusader.  On  our  return  from  the   Crusade,  or  if  we  abandon  it,  we  will  at  once  render  justice  in  full.   (53)  We  shall  have  similar  respite  in  rendering  justice  in  connexion  with  forests  that  are   to  be  disafforested,  or  to  remain  forests,  when  these  were  first  a-­‐orested  by  our  father   Henry  or  our  brother  Richard;  with  the  guardianship  of  lands  in  another  person's  `fee',   when  we  have  hitherto  had  this  by  virtue  of  a  `fee'  held  of  us  for  knight's  service  by  a   third  party;  and  with  abbeys  founded  in  another  person's  `fee',  in  which  the  lord  of  the   `fee'  claims  to  own  a  right.  On  our  return  from  the  Crusade,  or  if  we  abandon  it,  we  will   at  once  do  full  justice  to  complaints  about  these  matters.   (54)  No  one  shall  be  arrested  or  imprisoned  on  the  appeal  of  a  woman  for  the  death  of   any  person  except  her  husband.   (55)  All  fines  that  have  been  given  to  us  unjustiy  and  against  the  law  of  the  land,  and  all   fines  that  we  have  exacted  unjustly,  shall  be  entirely  remitted  or  the  matter  decided  by   a  majority  judgement  of  the  twenty-­‐five  barons  referred  to  below  in  the  clause  for   securing  the  peace  (§  61)  together  with  Stephen,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  if  he  can  be   present,  and  such  others  as  he  wishes  to  bring  with  him.  If  the  archbishop  cannot  be   present,  proceedings  shall  continue  without  him,  provided  that  if  any  of  the  twenty-­‐five   barons  has  been  involved  in  a  similar  suit  himself,  his  judgement  shall  be  set  aside,  and   someone  else  chosen  and  sworn  in  his  place,  as  a  substitute  for  the  single  occasion,  by   the  rest  of  the  twenty-­‐five.   (56)  If  we  have  deprived  or  dispossessed  any  Welshmen  of  lands,  liberties,  or  anything   else  in  England  or  in  Wales,  without  the  lawful  judgement  of  their  equals,  these  are  at   once  to  be  returned  to  them.  A  dispute  on  this  point  shall  be  determined  in  the  Marches   by  the  judgement  of  equals.  English  law  shall  apply  to  holdings  of  land  in  England,  Welsh   law  to  those  in  Wales,  and  the  law  of  the  Marches  to  those  in  the  Marches.  The  Welsh   shall  treat  us  and  ours  in  the  same  way.   (57)  In  cases  where  a  Welshman  was  deprived  or  dispossessed  of  anything,  without  the   lawful  judgement  of  his  equals,  by  our  father  King  Henry  or  our  brother  King  Richard,   and  it  remains  in  our  hands  or  is  held  by  others  under  our  warranty,  we  shall  have   respite  for  the  period  commonly  allowed  to  Crusaders,  unless  a  lawsuit  had  been  begun,   or  an  enquiry  had  been  made  at  our  order,  before  we  took  the  Cross  as  a  Crusader.  But   on  our  return  from  the  Crusade,  or  if  we  abandon  it,  we  will  at  once  do  full  justice  
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