Magnets and Magnetic Fields - General Physics - Lecture Notes, Study notes of Physics

Download Magnets and Magnetic Fields - General Physics - Lecture Notes and more Study notes Physics in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Chapter 26: Magnets and Magnetic Fields Please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going A3→A4 and using back to back on the photocopier. Magnetic poles exist in pairs, called the North Pole and the South Pole. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. A Magnetic Field is any region of space where magnetic forces can be felt. You must also remember that Magnetic Field Lines always go from the North Pole to the South Pole. Demonstration of a Magnetic Field due to Current in: (i) A Long Straight Wire (ii) A Loop (iii) A Solenoid Each end of the wire is connected to a d.c. supply with high current (e.g. a car battery). Note that to demonstrate the existence of the magnetic field we could use iron filings or small compasses. Determining the direction of a Magnetic Field due to an Electric Current: 1. For a straight wire use the right hand grip rule: Grip the conductor in your right hand, with your thumb pointing in the direction of the current; your fingers now indicate the direction of the magnetic field lines. 2. For a solenoid: The easiest way of remembering the direction of the magnetic field in a solenoid is to note that when looking into a loop or solenoid, if the current is moving in a Clockwise direction then the current facing you is a South Pole (CIS (kiss?)); anti-clockwise represents a North Pole. To Demonstrate the Magnetic Effect of an Electric Current: The Electromagnet An electromagnet consists of a soft iron core in a solenoid. When the current is switched on the core acts as a magnet and can be used to pick up nails. (A solenoid is a coil of wire whose length is much longer than its radius). Uses of Electromagnets 1. Electromagnets can be used in scrap yards to lift cars. 2. They are also used in electric motors, loudspeakers and electromagnetic relays (eg in doorbells). The Earth’s Magnetic Field* The Earth’s magnetic field can be used for accurate navigation, both by man and animal*. Leaving Cert Physics Syllabus Content Depth of Treatment Activities STS 1. Magnetism Magnetic poles exist in pairs. Magnetic effect of an electric current. Demonstration using magnets, coils, and nails. Electromagnets and their uses. 2. Magnetic fields Magnetic field due to • magnets • current in - a long straight wire - a loop - a solenoid. Description without mathematical details. Vector nature of magnetic field to be stressed. Demonstrations. Earth’s magnetic field. Using Earth’s magnetic field in navigation i.e. compasses. 2 Extra Credit *The Earth’s Magnetic Field The origin of the Earth’s magnetic field is still unknown, although the consensus appears to be that it is probably caused by electric currents circulating in the molten outer part of the iron-rich core of the planet, which is at a temperature of at least 2200 °C. Either way, the situation today is that it acts as though there is a bar magnet in the centre of the Earth, with its South end up beside our Geographic North Pole. This is why the north pole of our magnets point there (a little confusing, isn’t it?). However the magnetic North Pole is not directly in line with the geographic North Pole, and the difference gets bigger as you travel further north (or south) of the equator (see diagram). This difference is known as magnetic variation, and once the angle is known, the Earth’s magnetic field can be used for accurate navigation. But this arrangement is not immutable over geologic timescales. Every 500,000 years or so the system “flips”, and the magnetic field undergoes complete reversal; the north magnetic pole becomes the south and vice versa. The last time this happened was about three quarters of a million years ago, so one might infer that a flip is overdue. Some scientists, indeed, have been bold enough to predict that it will occur suddenly somewhere around 2,000 years from now. It’s much more likely however that the flip, whenever it may come, while ‘sudden’ on a geologic timescale, would actually be much more gradual, taking perhaps 1,000 years or more. This view is supported by the fact that no major species extinctions have been associated with the last magnetic field reversal 750,000 years ago. So how do scientists know that magnetic field reversals have occurred in the past? Most of the evidence lies on the ocean floor. As some continental plates sink below the surface, new material emerges from under the sea-bed and as it reaches the surface it spreads our like a freshly laid carpet. This occurs very slowly. As the magnetic field of the Earth changes, it gets recorded in the way iron orientates itself with the material. So simply going over the ‘carpet’ with a magnetic compass results in the compass switching direction at regular intervals. Knowing how quickly the material spreads leads to a determination of the time intervals between magnetic flips. What would happen if the molten iron inside the Earth were to cease to slosh around completely? For starters there would be no magnetic field. And the consequences of this? Without the protection of the magnetic field life on Earth, including life for all human beings, would be greatly subject to greatly enhanced and very harmful cosmic radiation; satellites would be nudged from orbit; the climatic consequences could well be dramatic. *The Earth’s magnetic field can be used for accurate navigation, both by man and animal. Bird Migration Many migratory birds such as swallows have a mineral in their brains known as magnetite, which helps them navigate as they travel across the oceans. It has also been shown recently that sharks are sensitive to magnetic fields. Scientists put a number of hammerhead sharks into a pool which they surrounded with copper wire. When they turned on the current through the wire there was a noticeable change in behaviour of the sharks. Fatal Attraction: Magnetic Mysteries of the Enlightenment Magnets were associated with sex: the French word aimant means either magnet or lover; William Gilbert, in 1600, coined the vocabulary of male and female poles; magnets could lure lovers or keep a spouse faithful; even now, someone with a magnetic personality can ‘pull’. Such explanations as there were relied on loose phrases such as the ‘power of sympathy’. But the lodestone business was a serious one: magnetic forces (people thought for a while) held the world together, and they certainly kept navigators pointing in the right direction. Edmond Halley, he of the comet, began what became a systematic study of compass variation, and quickly calculated that the Earth was one huge ball of magnetism, and proposed that its interior might not only be hollow, but even populated – an idea that seeped into romance, satire and (long afterwards) science fiction. Taken from The New Scientist magazine