Download Pharmaceuticals & Organic Chemistry: Molecule Manipulation & Drug Design and more Study notes Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! 1 CHEM 1014 โ Lecture Outline and Notes Text: Chemistry in Context, 6th edition, American Chemical Society CHAPTER 10. Manipulating Molecules and Designing Drugs Pharmaceuticals (drugs) Medicinal chemistry Use of herbal and folk remedies can be traced to antiquity Human history has been marked with drug use and abuse A Classic Wonder Drug Observed healing properties of willow bark โ isolate small amounts of salicin, which could be separated into two compounds. One of these reduced fever and inflammation and was converted to an acid in the body. There were some side effects, such as unpleasant taste and acute stomach irritation for some individuals. The compound is aspirin, with the chemical name of 2-(acetyloxy)-benzoic acid or, more commonly, acetylsalicylic acid salicylic acid acetic acid acetylsalicylic acid acetic acid anhydride (aspirin) Chemists worked on a derivative that reduced side effects but kept (or enhanced) the curative properties. The Study of Carbon-Containing Molecules Organic chemistry Carbon can form a wide variety of molecules Most carbon compounds combine with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, phosphorous, and bromine through covalent bonds. Specific naming rules (nomenclature) from an international committee called IUPAC โ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists. Some compounds have common names that are also recognized Carbon follows the octet rule โ makes covalent bonds. Thus single, double, and triple bonds can form 2 Chemical formulas, such as C4H10 (normal butane or n-butane), indicates the kinds and numbers of atoms present in a molecule Structural formulas โ show the atoms and their arrangement with respect to one another in a molecule n-butane Condensed structural formulas โ where carbon-to-hydrogen bonds are not drawn out explicitly, but simply understood to be single bonds CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 or CH3CH2CH2CH3 [Note: the carbons are bonded to each other] Isomers โ molecules with the same chemical formula (same number and kinds of atoms), but with different structures and properties. Structural Formula Ball-and-Stick Model Space-Filling Model Isobutane as a condensed structural formula or CH3CH(CH3)CH3 or CH3CH(CH3)2 or CH(CH3)3 or (CH3)3CH Line-angle drawing โ a simplified version of a structural formula that is most useful for representing larger molecules n-butane isobutene [A C at each end and each bend, fill in with H to form an octet โ other atom types are shown] The names of the first 10 straight-chain carbon-hydrogen compounds with formula CnH2n+2 methane CH4 hexane C6H14 ethane C2H6 heptane C7H16 propane C3H8 octane C8H18 butane C4H10 nonane C9H20 pentane C5H12 decane C10H22 The first 4 are historical (common) names, the rest are based on the Greek number system. The ending (-ane) means that there are only single bonds between the carbons. (C4H10) (C4H10)
