Neurotransmitters, Antidepressants, and Endocrine System: A Comprehensive Guide, Exams of Enzymes and Metabolism

Download Neurotransmitters, Antidepressants, and Endocrine System: A Comprehensive Guide and more Exams Enzymes and Metabolism in PDF only on Docsity! MAST 1030 Final Exam Questions and Verified Answers Latest Update. CNS (central nervous system) - Correct answer includes the brain and spinal cord which contain billions of neurons CNS (central nervous system) - Correct answer includes the brain and spinal cord which contain billions of neurons Peripheral nervous system - Correct answer consists of the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems Autonomic nervous system - Correct answer involuntary; controls our internal organs; broken down further and consists of two parts: the sympathetic nervous system, which controls the body's "fight or flight" response, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which helps the body to rest and relax; Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are the two main neurotransmitters that affect the autonomic nervous system Acetylcholine and norepinephrine - Correct answer the two main neurotransmitters that affect the autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system - Correct answer voluntary; consists of those muscles over which we have conscious control (e.g., for lifting your arm to scratch your nose) Psychotropic drugs - Correct answer any mediation that affects the mind, emotions, or behaviors Nervous system medications - Correct answer are used to treat pain, anxiety, depression, mania, insomnia, convulsions, and schizophrenia Cholinergic - Correct answer a nerve cell that releases acetylcholine which relaxes the body; agent that produces the effect of acetylcholine Adrenergic - Correct answer a nerve cell that releases epinephrine or norepinephrine which excites the body Sympathomimetic (adrenergic) - Correct answer they mimic the sympathetic nervous system and stimulate the fight-or-flight impulse Function of sympathomimetic - Correct answer work to stimulate the heart, increase blood flow to the skeletal muscles, and constrict peripheral blood vessels, which then dilate certain parts of the body, such as the bronchi for patients with asthma and pupils for patients who may be having an eye procedure; used to restore heart P a g e 1 | 13 rhythm during cardiac arrest and to increase blood pressure with drugs such as Lavished (norepinephrine) in cases of shock Example of sympathomimetic - Correct answer Lavished (norepinephrine) Major contraindication for adrenergic drugs - Correct answer hypersensitivity to the drug Used cautiously in patients with: hypertension, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, or hypovolemia, in children, and in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding Par sympathomimetic (cholinergic) - Correct answer Par sympathomimetic (cholinergic) p. 246 - they mimic the action of the parasympathetic nervous system; release acetylcholine; rarely used because they severely slow body system activity (including heart rate) and constrict respiratory passages Example: pilocarpine (Pilipino) - treats open-angle glaucoma Example of par sympathomimetic (cholinergic) - Correct answer pilocarpine (Pilipino) - treats open-angle glaucoma Anticholinergic - Correct answer inhibit the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system and thus promote fight-or-flight symptoms; these drugs dry secretions, including those in the respiratory tract, and are used for asthma and motion sickness; also used for preoperative relaxation, for neuromuscular blocking of spasms, as antidotes to insect stings, and in cholinergic crises. Example of anticholinergic - Correct answer atropine (Atropine) Salicylates - Correct answer relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation and fever; also used to decrease inflammation in blood vessels, to improve cardiovascular flow Examples: aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) [disadvantage: gastrointestinal (GI) distress], methyl salicylate, Begay Examples of salicylates - Correct answer aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) [disadvantage: gastrointestinal (GI) distress], methyl salicylate, Begay Acetaminophen - Correct answer decreases pain and fever, but it has no anti- inflammatory effect, used in combination products used to relieve pain or in products used for cold and flu symptoms Examples: Tylenol, Alka-Seltzer Plus cold medications, Percocet Examples of acetaminophen - Correct answer Tylenol, Alka-Seltzer Plus cold medications, Percocet P a g e 2 | 13 those released by the pituitary gland; ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone and the testes produce and release androgens, which include testosterone Target organs and effect of TSH - Correct answer Regulates the release of hormones in the thyroid gland, which affects energy Overproduction of TSH - Correct answer Graves' disease Underproduction of TSH - Correct answer Myxedema in adults, cretinism in children Target organs and effect of prolactin - Correct answer Stimulates milk production in the mammary gland Overproduction of prolactin - Correct answer Overproduction of breast milk on women; Milk production in a no lactating patient can be a sign of a pituitary tumor Paroled is used to suppress lactation in women who choose not to breastfeed, but a side effect is increased infertility Underproduction of prolactin - Correct answer Underproduction of milk in women; baby has difficulty nursing Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Correct answer to treat hyperthyroidism, patients take oral doses of these hormones; these medications are prepared from natural resources, such as dried porcine thyroid gland, which include thyroid (Armor Thyroid, Bio-Thyroid) and levothyroxine (Citadel), or they are synthetically manufactured tablets such as levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl) Caution: elderly patients and those with heart problems or diabetes What does the pineal gland secrete? - Correct answer the pineal gland, which is in the brain, secretes melatonin in response to input from the eyes. Melatonin is what helps us to sleep. Hyperglycemia - Correct answer abnormally high blood glucose levels, as are found in people with diabetes mellitus or people treated with some drugs; can lead to problems with wound healing, high BP, and nerve damage Hypoglycemia - Correct answer abnormally low glucose levels in the blood; can lead to death signs and symptoms: restlessness, shaky hands, lethargy, seizures, and coma; treated with a small dose of glucose such as hard candy or glucose preparations such as Instar-Glucose (gel) or BD Glucose (chewable tablet) that they take by mouth at the first sign or injections such as glucagon (Glucagon). P a g e 5 | 13 Insulin - Correct answer how is it kept after open: should be refrigerated until the vial is opened because refrigeration extends the shelf life for 1-2 years How long it is kept for: once the vial is opened, it may be kept at room temperature to avoid painful injections, but it must be discarded within 1 month Injections - Correct answer rotate site Important: 1. If a site is used too frequently, the body may develop scar tissue that thickens, thus preventing insulin absorption 2. Abscesses may form 3. Rotating sites allows insulin to be evenly absorbed and thereby helps to maintain steady glucose levels and delay or minimize the complications of diabetes such as neuropathy, eye and kidney damage, and cardiovascular disease. Addison's disease - Correct answer occurs when the adrenal cortex under secretes glucocorticoid hormones. Patients with this disease suffer from chronic fatigue that eventually worsens, muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, hypoglycemia, sweating irritability, and weight loss Addison's disease treatment - Correct answer Treatment: hydrocortisone USP tablets, a synthetic corticosteroid; if aldosterone level is insufficient, it is replaced with oral doses of fludrocortisone acetate (Florien) Cushing's disease - Correct answer the adrenal cortex over secretes the glucocorticoids; have symptoms similar to Addison's disease except these patients suffer hypertension and hyperglycemia instead of hypotension and hypoglycemia; develop a fatty hump between their shoulders; most patients have upper-body obesity and a rounded face, and women have excessive hair growth on their face, chest, abdomen, and thighs. Cushing's disease treatment - Correct answer Treatment: based on the cause of the excess production and may include surgery, irradiation, chemotherapy, and cortisol- inhibiting drugs such as metyrapone (Metopirone) Corticosteroids indications for use - Correct answer severe allergies, asthma, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, Addison's disease Corticosteroids side effects - Correct answer Adrenocortical insufficiency, anxiety, cessation of menses, constipation, decreased wound healing, decreased growth in children, diarrhea, dizziness, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, GI upset, headache, hyperglycemia, increased eye pressure, increased infection, muscle pain and weakness, osteoporosis, psychosis, petechial Corticosteroids contraindications/precautions - Correct answer Pregnancy, breastfeeding children; history of clots, seizures or immunosuppression; not used for P a g e 6 | 13 long-term therapy; cautious use with infection, hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, increased blood pressure, congestive heart failure, emotional instability, diabetes, glaucoma, or GI upset; do not use in patients with a history of clots, seizures, or immunosuppression Corticosteroids examples - Correct answer Barbiturates, contraceptives, diuretics, NSAIDs, vaccines Corticosteroids interactions - Correct answer Hydrocortisone USP, fludrocortisone acetate (Florien) Thyroid medications indications for use - Correct answer Hypothyroidism Thyroid medications side effects - Correct answer Palpitations, fast heart rate, irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure nervousness, tremor, headache, insomnia, weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, intolerance of heat, fever, menstrual irregularities Thyroid medications contraindications/precautions - Correct answer Adrenal insufficiency, diabetes, cardiovascular disease Thyroid medications examples - Correct answer Adrenergic, insulin, oral anticoagulants, oral hypoglycemia’s Thyroid medications interactions - Correct answer Levothyroxine (T4) (Levothroid), desiccated thyroid (T3, T4) (Armor) Peripheral nervous system - Correct answer consists of the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems Autonomic nervous system - Correct answer involuntary; controls our internal organs; broken down further and consists of two parts: the sympathetic nervous system, which controls the body's "fight or flight" response, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which helps the body to rest and relax; Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are the two main neurotransmitters that affect the autonomic nervous system Acetylcholine and norepinephrine - Correct answer the two main neurotransmitters that affect the autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system - Correct answer voluntary; consists of those muscles over which we have conscious control (e.g., for lifting your arm to scratch your nose) Psychotropic drugs - Correct answer any mediation that affects the mind, emotions, or behaviors P a g e 7 | 13 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (MAOIs) - Correct answer inhibit MAO, an enzyme that terminates the action of neurotransmitters at the synapse; inhibiting/stopping MAO improves the retention of neurotransmitters at the site Contraindication: dietary exclusion of foods that contain tyrosine, critical hypertension Example: selegiline (Elderly) Tricyclic antidepressants - Correct answer medications with a three-ring (tricyclic) chemical structure that keeps norepinephrine and serotonin at the nerve terminals and thereby helping electrical impulses cross the synapse; used for severe depression and inpatient treatment of depression, patients suffering from insomnia Example: amitriptyline (Elavil) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Correct answer prevent serotonin from being used up at the synapse Examples: citalopram (Celera), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Correct answer medications block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine; treats depression Examples: venlafaxine (Effexor XR), desvenlafaxine (Prates), duloxetine (Cymbalta) Neuroleptics - Correct answer (antipsychotic) treat the abnormal actions and behavior of psychoses such as talking and interacting with a situation that only patients can see and hear; also used for nausea and vomiting, dementia, agitation, and spasms, as well as for psychoses Examples: chlorpromazine (Thomasine), clozapine (Clopping), thioridazine (Mallari) Examples of neuroleptics - Correct answer chlorpromazine (Thomasine), clozapine (Clopping), thioridazine (Mallari) Endocrine system - Correct answer uses chemicals known as hormones, acting as messengers to various parts of the body, to trigger a reaction. Several components make up this system which is controlled by the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus gland, located in the brain, secretes chemicals called releasing factors that trigger the release of several hormones from the pituitary gland; the pituitary gland (also known as the master gland) secretes most of the body's hormones Hypothalamus gland - Correct answer located in the brain, secretes chemicals called releasing factors that trigger the release of several hormones from the pituitary gland Pituitary gland - Correct answer (also known as the master gland) secretes most of the body's hormones P a g e 10 | 13 FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - Correct answer secreted by the pituitary gland; important to female reproduction; stimulates sperm production in men and egg production in women LH (luteinizing hormone) - Correct answer secreted by the pituitary gland; important to female reproduction; stimulates the release of a ripened egg in women (ovulation); also helps in the production of female hormones (estrogens and progestin’s) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) - Correct answer triggers thyroid gland function; regulates the release of hormones in the thyroid gland, which affects energy ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - Correct answer helps prevent loss of water by the kidneys; conserves fluids by changing the permeability of the kidneys Gonads - Correct answer sex organs; consists of the ovaries in females and the testes in males; these glands are responsible for secreting hormones in response to those released by the pituitary gland; ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone and the testes produce and release androgens, which include testosterone Target organs and effect of TSH - Correct answer Regulates the release of hormones in the thyroid gland, which affects energy Overproduction of TSH - Correct answer Graves' disease Underproduction of TSH - Correct answer Myxedema in adults, cretinism in children Target organs and effect of prolactin - Correct answer Stimulates milk production in the mammary gland Overproduction of prolactin - Correct answer Overproduction of breast milk on women; Milk production in a no lactating patient can be a sign of a pituitary tumor Paroled is used to suppress lactation in women who choose not to breastfeed, but a side effect is increased infertility Underproduction of prolactin - Correct answer Underproduction of milk in women; baby has difficulty nursing Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Correct answer to treat hyperthyroidism, patients take oral doses of these hormones; these medications are prepared from natural resources, such as dried porcine thyroid gland, which include thyroid (Armor Thyroid, Bio-Thyroid) and levothyroxine (Citadel), or they are synthetically manufactured tablets such as levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl) P a g e 11 | 13 Caution: elderly patients and those with heart problems or diabetes What does the pineal gland secrete? - Correct answer the pineal gland, which is in the brain, secretes melatonin in response to input from the eyes. Melatonin is what helps us to sleep. Hyperglycemia - Correct answer abnormally high blood glucose levels, as are found in people with diabetes mellitus or people treated with some drugs; can lead to problems with wound healing, high BP, and nerve damage Hypoglycemia - Correct answer abnormally low glucose levels in the blood; can lead to death signs and symptoms: restlessness, shaky hands, lethargy, seizures, and coma; treated with a small dose of glucose such as hard candy or glucose preparations such as Instar-Glucose (gel) or BD Glucose (chewable tablet) that they take by mouth at the first sign or injections such as glucagon (Glucagon). Insulin - Correct answer how is it kept after open: should be refrigerated until the vial is opened because refrigeration extends the shelf life for 1-2 years How long it is kept for: once the vial is opened, it may be kept at room temperature to avoid painful injections, but it must be discarded within 1 month Injections - Correct answer rotate site Important: 1. If a site is used too frequently, the body may develop scar tissue that thickens, thus preventing insulin absorption 2. Abscesses may form 3. Rotating sites allows insulin to be evenly absorbed and thereby helps to maintain steady glucose levels and delay or minimize the complications of diabetes such as neuropathy, eye and kidney damage, and cardiovascular disease. Addison's disease - Correct answer occurs when the adrenal cortex under secretes glucocorticoid hormones. Patients with this disease suffer from chronic fatigue that eventually worsens, muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, hypoglycemia, sweating irritability, and weight loss Addison's disease treatment - Correct answer Treatment: hydrocortisone USP tablets, a synthetic corticosteroid; if aldosterone level is insufficient, it is replaced with oral doses of fludrocortisone acetate (Florien) Cushing's disease - Correct answer the adrenal cortex over secretes the glucocorticoids; have symptoms similar to Addison's disease except these patients suffer hypertension and hyperglycemia instead of hypotension and hypoglycemia; develop a fatty hump between their shoulders; most patients have upper-body obesity and a rounded face, and women have excessive hair growth on their face, chest, abdomen, and thighs. P a g e 12 | 13