Infant and Child Mortality Rates in Developed Nations: Causes and Prevention, Exams of Nursing

Download Infant and Child Mortality Rates in Developed Nations: Causes and Prevention and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 26: 21st Century Pediatric Nursing Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition From a worldwide perspective, infant mortality in the United States: a. is the highest of the other developed nations. b. lags behind five other developed nations. c. is the lowest infant death rate of developed nations. d. lags behind most other developed nations. - Correct Answer ANS: A Although the death rate has decreased, the United States still ranks last among nations with the lowest infant death rates. The United States has the highest infant death rate of developed nations. The major cause of death for children older than 1 year is: a. cancer. b. infection. c. unintentional injuries. d. congenital abnormalities. - Correct Answer ANS: C Unintentional injuries (accidents) are the leading cause of death after age 1 year through adolescence. Congenital anomalies are the leading cause of death in those younger than 1 year and are less significant in Chapter 26: 21st Century Pediatric Nursing Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition this age-group. There have been major declines in deaths attributed infection as a result of improved therapies. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in this age-group. In addition to injuries, the leading causes of death in adolescents ages 15 to 19 years are: a. suicide, cancer. b. homicide, suicide c. homicide, heart disease. d. drowning, cancer. - Correct Answer ANS: B In this age-group the leading cause of death is accidents, followed by homicide and suicide. Other causes of death include cancer and heart disease. The leading cause of death from unintentional injuries in children is: a. poisoning. b. drowning. Chapter 26: 21st Century Pediatric Nursing Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition b. Morbidity is not distributed randomly. c. Little can be done to improve morbidity. d. Unintentional injuries do not have an effect on morbidity. - Correct Answer ANS: B Morbidity is not distributed randomly in children. Increased morbidity is associated with certain groups of children, including children living in poverty and those who were low birth weight. Morbidity does vary with age. The types of illnesses in children are different for each age-group. Morbidity can be decreased with interventions focused on groups with high morbidity and on decreasing unintentional injuries, which also affect morbidity. Which statement is most descriptive of pediatric family-centered care? a. It reduces the effect of cultural diversity on the family. b. It encourages family dependence on the health care system. c. It recognizes that the family is the constant in a child's life. Chapter 26: 21st Century Pediatric Nursing Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition d. It avoids expecting families to be part of the decision-making process. - Correct Answer ANS: C The key components of family-centered care are for the nurse to support, respect, encourage, and embrace the family's strength by developing a partnership with the child's parents. Family-centered care recognizes the family as the constant in the child's life. The nurse should support the cultural diversity of the family, not reduce its effect. The family should be enabled and empowered to work with the health care system and to be part of the decision-making process. The nurse is preparing staff in-service education about atraumatic care for pediatric patients. a. Prepare the child for separation from parents during hospitalization by reviewing a video. b. Prepare the child before any unfamiliar treatment or procedure by demonstrating on a stuffed animal. c. Help the child accept the loss of control associated with hospitalization. Chapter 26: 21st Century Pediatric Nursing Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition d. Help the child accept pain that is connected with a treatment or procedure. - Correct Answer ANS: B Preparing the child for any unfamiliar treatments, controlling pain, allowing privacy, providing play activities for expression of fear and aggression, providing choices, and respecting cultural differences are components of atraumatic care. In providing atraumatic care, the separation of child from parents during hospitalization is minimized. The nurse should promote a sense of control for the child. Preventing and minimizing bodily injury and pain are major components of atraumatic care. Which statement best describes the process of critical thinking? It is a simple developmental process. a. It is a simple developmental process b. It is purposeful and goal directed. c. It is based on deliberate and irrational thought. d. It assists individuals in guessing what is most appropriate. - Correct Answer ANS: B Chapter 26: 21st Century Pediatric Nursing Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition c. Questioning the use of daily central line dressing changes d. Clarifying a physician's prescription for morphine - Correct Answer ANS: C The nurse who questions the daily central line dressing change is ascertaining whether clinical interventions result in positive outcomes for patients. This demonstrates evidence-based practice (EBP), which implies questioning why something is effective and whether a better approach exists. Gathering equipment for a procedure and documenting changes in a patient's status are practices that follow established guidelines. Clarifying a physician's prescription for morphine constitutes safe nursing care. The nursing process is a method of problem identification and problem solving that describes what the nurse actually does. The five steps include: (Select all that apply.) a. assessment. b. diagnosis. c. planning. Chapter 26: 21st Century Pediatric Nursing Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition d. documentation e. implementation. f. evaluation - Correct Answer ANS: A, B, C, E, F The accepted model is assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The diagnosis phase is separated into two steps: nursing diagnosis and outcome identification. Although documentation is not one of the five steps of the nursing process, it is essential for evaluation. The nurse can assess, diagnose and identify problems, plan, and implement without documentation; however, evaluation is best performed with written evidence of progress toward outcomes. Which behaviors by the nurse indicate a therapeutic relationship with children and families? (Select all that apply.) a. Spending off-duty time with children and families Chapter 26: 21st Century Pediatric Nursing Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition b. Asking questions if families are not participating in the care c. Clarifying information for families d. Buying toys for a hospitalized child e. Learning about the family's religious preferences - Correct Answer ANS: B, C, E Asking questions if families are not participating in the care, clarifying information for families, and learning about the family's religious preferences are positive actions and foster therapeutic relationships with children and families. Spending off-duty time with children and families and buying toys for a hospitalized child are negative actions and indicate over involvement with children and families that is nontherapeutic.