Connective Tissues and Their Types, Exams of Biology

Download Connective Tissues and Their Types and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! MCBM Biology Exam #2 Horovorka Questions with Answers 100% Accuracy What do all connective tissues have in common? - Correct Answers Vast extracellular matrix What are the 4 main types of connective tissue? - Correct Answers Cartilage, Bone, Blood, and Connective Tissue Proper Is cartilage vascular or avascular? - Correct Answers Avascular What secretes the extracellular matrix in connective tissue? - Correct Answers Fibroblasts What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue? What do they form? - Correct Answers Regular: forms tendons, ligaments, and Apo neuroses. Collagen bundles are arranged in parallel orientation, giving the tissue greater tensile strength. Irregular: Forms the capsules of solid organs, the sub mucosa of hollow organs, and the reticular layer of skin. Oriented in different directions, allows resistance to excessive stretching. What is the extracellular matrix composed of? - Correct Answers Ground substance and Fibers What is the purpose of ground substance? - Correct Answers Provides compressive resistance, flexibility, and can be a biochemical barrier. What usually makes up ground substance? - Correct Answers Water, proteoglycans/glycoproteins (proteins with covalently attached polysaccharides), and glycosaminoglycan’s (Long branched polysaccharides) What is the most important glycosaminoglycan in ground substance? What charge does it have? What is the result? - Correct Answers Hyaluronic Acid, has a negative charge which draws in water. What is collagen (generally)? - Correct Answers Glycoprotein with sugars attached to hydroxylase amino acids. What amino acids are being hydrolyzed? - Correct Answers Praline and Lysine What is tropocollagen? - Correct Answers A structural component of collagen formed by 3 chains of amino acids to form a triple helix. Tropogollagen is made up of 3 different chains of collagen. Are the 3 chains the same? - Correct Answers All three can be the same, there may be two types, or all different types! What are collagen fibrils formed from? How are they oriented? - Correct Answers They are formed from polymerized tropocollagen molecules. They are oriented head to tail in parallel fashion. What are collagen fibers? What kind of imaging can they be seen by? - Correct Answers They are groups of fibrils large enough to be seen by light microscopy. What are the different types of collagens? Where are they found? - Correct Answers Type 1: Connective Tissue Proper and Bone Type 2: Cartilage Type 3: Reticular Fibers Type 4: Basal Lamina What are reticular fibers? Type of collagen? Function? Location? Appearance? - Correct Answers Type III collagen. Function: Forms framework for the cells of various tissues and organs. Where: Found in loose connective tissue and in the stromal of lymphoid/myeloid tissue. Appearance: Eosinophilia; stains selectively (dark) with silver stain. Only found at the edges, once it is surrounded by its matrix, it turns into an osteocyte. Discuss osteocytes. What is their function? How are they connected? - Correct Answers Do not secrete matrix! Just maintain it. Connected via gap junctions (in direct contact with other cells) Discuss osteoclasts. What are they derived from? What is their nucleation like? - Correct Answers Derived from monocytes (blood derived). Multinucleated and degrade bone matrix. Constant rate of flux, this system is regulated by the endocrine system! What is the bone matrix comprised of? What is special about each component? - Correct Answers Organic: Type I collagen Inorganic Salts: Calcium phosphate crystals (make bone hard and over 1/2 of bone weight. What is an osteon? - Correct Answers The cylindrical unit of mature bone around a central artery. It is composed of concentric rings of lamellae. What are lamellae? What is the difference between the two types? - Correct Answers Rings of calcified bone matrix with collagen fiber oriented in the same direction; the direction alternates between lamellae. Circumferential: not part of the osteon, but surround the entire circumference of the bone Interstitial: remnants of old osteons that are visible between younger osteons and are a product of bone remodeling. Is cartilage vascular or avascular? Why? - Correct Answers Avascular. The matrix allows for the diffusion of its requisite nutrients. What kind of collagen is cartilage matrix? - Correct Answers Type II What are chondrocytes? - Correct Answers Differentiate from chondroblasts once they become completely surrounded by matrix. Found in lacunae. What are chondroblasts? - Correct Answers Differentiate from progenitor cells in the perichondrium, found only at border between bone and perichondrium. Secrete matrix resulting in appositional growth (increase in size through addition of matrix to the edges) What is perichondrium? - Correct Answers Dense connective tissue (containing fibroblasts and collagen) surrounding the outside surface of most types of cartilage. It contains progenitor cells which will differentiate into chondroblasts. NOT PRESENT AT ARTICULAR SURFACES, EPIPHYSEAL PLATES, AND FIBROCARTILAGE Perichondrium --> ? --> ? - Correct Answers Perichondrium --> chondroblasts --> chondrocytes What are chondroblasts derived from? What do they do? What do they become? - Correct Answers What are chondrocytes? What do they do? What are in? - Correct Answers They are within lacunae (in the picture there are two chondrocytes in one lacunae) and they secrete matrix What makes up the cartilage matrix? - Correct Answers What are the collagen types associated with hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage? - Correct Answers What is hyaline cartilage? What does it form? - Correct Answers Typical cartilage. Forms articular surfaces, costal cartilages, nasal cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, trachea and bronchi, epiphyseal plates, and fetal skeleton. What is elastic cartilage? Where is it found? - Correct Answers Similar to hyaline, but also has elastic fibers. Forms pinna of ear, ear canal, epiglottis (anything you can squish and have it bounce back) What is fibrocartilage? What does it contain? What does it not contain? Where is it found? - Correct Answers Combo of hyaline and dense connective. Contain type I collagen and the fibroblasts that secrete them. Does not have a perichondrium covering its surface. Found at intervertebral discs, pubic syphilis, articular discs, and menisci. Comparison of all three cartilages. - Correct Answers Note that fibrocartilage usually forms in columns. What are the two ways bone can form? - Correct Answers Intermembraneous=skull formation What are the 5 different endochondral ossification components? - Correct Answers Discuss zone of reserve cartilage. - Correct Answers Cartilage on the epiphyseal end of the epiphyseal plate What is the zone of proliferation? - Correct Answers Chondrocytes in this region are actively dividing and secreting matrix producing columns of isogenies cells What is the zone of hypertrophy? - Correct Answers What is the zone of calcification? - Correct Answers What is the zone of ossification? - Correct Answers What is the difference between gray and white matter? Discuss this in the brain and spinal cord. - Correct Answers *IN BRAIN* Gray is peripheral and white is central *IN SPINAL CORD* Gray is central and white is peripheral White: Tracts Gray: Soma and Synapses. Can be organized into horns. Ventral horn: somatic motor, Lateral horn: visceromotor