Mechanical Ventilation Final Exam Study Guide questions and answers, Exams of Nursing

Download Mechanical Ventilation Final Exam Study Guide questions and answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Mechanical Ventilation Final Exam Study Guide questions and answers Which of the following is an indicator of weaning failure? A. Decreasing VD/VT B. Increasing MIP C. Increasing f/VT D. Decreasing f - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Increasing f/VT Based on the weaning protocol described in the textbook, all of the following conditions must be met for consideration of a weaning attempt except: A. Hemodynamic stability B. Little or no sedation required C. PaO2/FIO2 D. Presence of inspiratory effort - ANSWER: ✔✔C. PaO2/FIO2 Terminal weaning is defined as _______________ of mechanical ventilation that results in the ______________ of a patient. A. Withdrawal; death B. Withholding; death C. Withdrawal; vegetative state D. Withholding; vegetative state - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Withdrawal; death Other causes of increased airflow resistance during mechanical ventilation include all of the following conditions except: A. Kinking of the ET tube B. Secretions in ET tube C. Use of a humidifier D. Use of an HME - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Use of a humidifier All of the following pulmonary measurements suggest readiness for weaning attempt except: A. Maximal inspiratory pressure = -12 cm H2O B. VD/VT = 40% C. Static compliance = 32 mL/cm H2O D. f/VT = 80 breaths/min/L - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Maximal inspiratory pressure = -12 cm H2O If pulse oximetry is used to monitor a patient's oxygenation status, the pulse oximetry O2 saturation (SpO2) should be kept in the mid-80s for allowance of machine inaccuracies. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔B. False The ____ is measured by dividing the patient's tidal volume (measured at the airway opening) by the difference in the plateau pressure and the PEEP. A. Airway resistance B. Static lung compliance C. Deadspace to tidal volume ratio D. Dynamic lung compliance - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Static lung compliance Patients who fail the SBT often do so within the first 10 minutes of the trial. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔B. False _________ is an indicator of weaning failure. A. Increasing PaO2 B. Increasing PaCO2 C. Increasing SpO2 D. Increasing PaO2/FIO2 - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Increasing PaCO2 A. 19%; mild B. 29%; significant C. 39%; severe D. 55%; severe - ANSWER: ✔✔B. 29%; significant ____ is defined as an absence of ventilatory support 48 hours following an extubation. A. Weaning success B. Weaning in progress C. Weaning failure D. Spontaneous breathing trial - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Weaning success Which of the following are included in a weaning protocol: A. The detailed process of weaning B. The evaluation of weaning outcomes C. The patient condition in which weaning may be attempted D. All of the above - ANSWER: ✔✔D. All of the above Automatic tube compensation (ATC) allows the patient to have a breathing pattern as if breathing spontaneously without an artificial airway. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔A. True When the RSBI or f/VT ratio becomes greater than 100 breaths/min/L, it correlates with weaning failure. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔A. True ____ is a clinical condition that decreases static compliance. A. Kinking of ET tube B. Bronchospasm C. Airway obstruction D. Tension pneumothorax - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Tension pneumothorax ____ is a clinical condition that decreases dynamic compliance. A. Atelectasis B. ARDS C. Retained secretions in the airways D. Retained secretions in the lungs - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Retained secretions in the airways ____ = PAO2 - PaO2 A. QS/QT B. P(A-a)O2 C. CaO2 D. PaCO2 - ANSWER: ✔✔B. P(A-a)O2 6. A patient has the following measurements while receiving mechanical ventilation: exhaled VT = 480 mL, PIP = 45 cm H2O, plateau pressure = 30 cm H2O, PEEP = 8 cm H2O. What is the calculated static compliance? Is it normal based on the pulmonary measurement criteria for weaning? A. 11 mL/cm H2O; normal B. 11 mL/cm H2O; abnormal C. 22 mL/cm H2O; normal D. 22 mL/cm H2O; abnormal - ANSWER: ✔✔D. 22 mL/cm H2O; abnormal Respiratory muscle dysfunction may be due to all of the following conditions except: A. Electrolyte imbalance B. Excessive nutritional intake C. Low oxygen delivery D. Respiratory muscle atrophy due to muscle disuse - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Excessive nutritional intake Patients who fail an SBT often exhibit the following objective clinical signs: tachypnea, ____, hypertension, hypotension, hypoxemia or acidosis, arrhythmias. A. Bradycardia B. Tachycardia C. Atrial fibrillation D. Ventricular fibrillation - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Tachycardia Termination criteria for weaning from mechanical ventilation includes a ____. A. SpO2 < 80% B. heart rate >120/min C. systolic pressure >180 mm Hg D. systolic pressure < 75 mm Hg - ANSWER: ✔✔C. systolic pressure >180 mm Hg Sometimes SIMV and ____ are used together in patients who have failed the spontaneous breathing trial. A. PSV B. VS C. VAPS D. APRV - ANSWER: ✔✔A. PSV In ____, the pressure support level is adjusted automatically to achieve the target tidal volume. A. VS B. VAPS C. MMV D. APRV - ANSWER: ✔✔A. VS For a successful weaning outcome, the patient should have a ____. A. static lung compliance B. VC C. VD/VT ratio should be >60% A medical resident asks you to explain the difference between CPAP and PEEP. You would describe that CPAP provides an end-expiratory pressure to patients who are: A. On pressure control mode B. Breathing spontaneously with mechanical breaths C. On SIMV mode D. Breathing spontaneously without mechanical breaths - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Breathing spontaneously without mechanical breaths Airway resistance imposed by the ventilator circuit and ETT can be minimized or overcome during spontaneous breathing by: A. Adding deadspace B. Increasing inspiratory flow C. Using PSV D. All of the above - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Using PSV Among the conditions below, auto-PEEP is most likely caused by _______________ while on the ventilator. A. Air trapping B. Excessive inspiratory flow C. Insufficient tidal volume D. Low frequency - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Air trapping Mrs. McFarland, a patient with a history of COPD, has been admitted for elective surgery. Her preoperative ABGs on room air would most likely show: A. pH = 7.16, PaCO2 = 34 mm Hg, PaO2 = 64 mm Hg B. pH = 7.45, PaCO2 = 44 mm Hg, PaO2 = 65 mm Hg C. pH = 7.37, PaCO2 = 54 mm Hg, PaO2 = 60 mm Hg D. pH = 7.48, PaCO2 = 54 mm Hg, PaO2 = 58 mm Hg - ANSWER: ✔✔C. pH = 7.37, PaCO2 = 54 mm Hg, PaO2 = 60 mm Hg The initial frequency during HFOV is set at _______ Hz and may be ___________ if using amplitude alone fails to control the PaCO2. A. 5-6; decreased B. 5-6; increased C. 10-15; decreased D. 10-15; increased - ANSWER: ✔✔A. 5-6; decreased Inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) is accomplished mainly by: A. Decreasing the VT B. Increasing the inspiratory flow rate C. Extending the inspiratory time D. Decreasing the PIP - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Extending the inspiratory time In HFOV, the mean airway pressure (mPaw) is affected by the ___________ and the initial mPaw should start at __________ the mPaw obtained during conventional mechanical ventilation. A. Power setting; 5 cm H2O B. Power setting; 15 cm H2O C. Frequency; 5 cm H2O D. Frequency; 15 cm H2O - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Power setting; 5 cm H2O The physician asks you to assess a patient for excessive extracellular fluid. Among other signs, you would evaluate all of the following conditions except: A. Bounding pulse B. Increased cardiac output C. Oliguria D. Pulmonary edema - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Oliguria Permissive hypercapnia is a strategy in which the ________ value is allowed to go beyond its normal limit and it is used to _________: A. PaO2; reduce intracranial pressure in patients with head injuries B. PaO2; reduce O2 toxicity C. PaCO2; minimize ventilator-related lung injuries D. PaCO2; compensate for metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER: ✔✔C. PaCO2; minimize ventilator-related lung injuries Mr. Jones, a patient who has been mechanically ventilated for 3 weeks, is now on a high calorie diet. Which of the following can be a potential problem associated with overfeeding during mechanical ventilation? A. Decreased O2 consumption B. Decreased work of breathing C. Increased CO2 production D. Increased fixed acid - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Increased CO2 production . In HFOV, the power setting controls the amplitude of oscillation and thus the: A. Frequency B. Oxygenation level C. Tidal volume D. A and B only - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Tidal volume Dr. Kao asks you to estimate a patient's resting energy expenditure (REE) using the Harris Benedict equation. You would gather the following set of information: A. Age, height, & weight B. Height & weight C. Sex, height, & weight D. Sex, age, height, & weight - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Sex, age, height, & weight The incidence of VAP may be reduced by employing all of the following procedures except: A. Proper handwashing B. More frequent ventilator circuit change C. Early microbiological exam and use of appropriate antibiotherapy B. 50% C. 60% D. 70% - ANSWER: ✔✔C. 60% Mr. Johns is being mechanically ventilated with these settings: Mode = SIMV, rate = 12/min, tidal volume = 600 mL, FiO2 = 50%, PEEP = 0 cm H2O. Auto-PEEP of 6 cm H2O is observed consistently. You would change the: A. Frequency to 14/min B. Mode to assist control C. PEEP to 5 cm H2O D. Tidal volume to 700 mL - ANSWER: ✔✔C. PEEP to 5 cm H2O Upon entering the ICU, you are alerted by a series of low pressure alarms from the ventilator. You would check the patient and ventilator for all of the following conditions except: A. Circuit disconnection B. Airway obstruction C. ETT cuff leak D. Loose humidifier connection - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Airway obstruction Auto-PEEP may be reduced or eliminated by all of the following methods except: A. Increasing the expiratory time B. Reducing the VT C. Reducing the frequency D. Reducing the inspiratory flow - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Reducing the inspiratory flow The ABG report of Mr. Orin, a patient on mechanical ventilation, is as follows: pH = 7.50, PaCO2 = 32 mm Hg, PaO2 = 83 mm Hg. The physician asks you to make appropriate changes to the settings on the ventilator. Which of the following controls would have the least impact in correcting the patient's condition as indicated by the ABG results? A. FiO2 B. PS level C. RR D. VT - ANSWER: ✔✔A. FiO2 The total rate of a mechanically ventilated patient is 10/min. At this rate, the ABG reveals a PaCO2 of 60 mm Hg. Assuming the VT and deadspace remain constant, calculate the RR necessary to achieve a PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg. A. 6/min B. 8/min C. 12/min D. 15/min - ANSWER: ✔✔D. 15/min All of the following statements are true regarding mechanical tidal volume except: A. Increasing the tidal volume is the most common approach to improving minute ventilation. B. Tidal volume should be set according to the patient's ideal body weight. C. Increasing the tidal volume should be considered when the patient's ventilatory rate exceeds an ideal breathing pattern. D. Insufficient tidal volume increases the risk of atelectasis and hypercapnia. - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Increasing the tidal volume is the most common approach to improving minute ventilation. The most common trigger for apnea alarms is: A. Apnea B. Loose humidifier fitting C. Cuff leak D. Disconnection - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Disconnection The following electrolytes are collected from a patient with severe sepsis who has been on a mechanical ventilator for two weeks. Which of the following electrolytes is out of its normal range? A. Sodium = 138 mEq/L B. Potassium = 1.5 mEq/L C. Chloride = 105 mEq/L D. Bicarbonate = 25 mEq/L - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Potassium = 1.5 mEq/L The degree of ventilation may be increased by increasing all of the following ventilator parameters except: A. VT B. PEEP C. PS D. Rate - ANSWER: ✔✔B. PEEP The major cation in the extracellular fluid compartment is ______ and it plays an important role in ____________ balance. A. Sodium; fluid B. Potassium; fluid C. Calcium; acid-base D. Magnesium; acid-base - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Sodium; fluid Low VT strategy is done to reduce the risk of ______________ and the target volume is reached when _________________. A. Atelectasis; PIP is B. Atelectasis; plateau pressure is C. Barotraumas; PIP is D. Barotraumas; plateau pressure is - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Barotraumas; plateau pressure is The PaCO2 of Ms. Hart, a 40-year-old mechanically ventilated dependent patient with normal cardiopulmonary status, is 60 mm Hg. This value indicates _____________ and should be managed by ______________ the mechanical VT or RR. A. hyperventilation; increasing B. hyperventilation; decreasing C. hypoventilation; increasing D. hypoventilation; decreasing - ANSWER: ✔✔C. hypoventilation; increasing Air accidentally trapped in the lungs due to mechanical ventilation is known as which of the following? A. Plateau pressure (Pplateau) B. Functional residual capacity (FRC) C. Extrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (extrinsic PEEP) D. Intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (intrinsic PEEP) - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (intrinsic PEEP) A blood gas report done on a neonate shows a PaCO2 of 58 mm Hg. The physician asks the therapist to increase the tidal volume via pressure-controlled ventilation. The therapist should increase the: A. Expiratory time B. Peak inspiratory pressure C. Positive end-expiratory pressure D. Tidal volume - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Peak inspiratory pressure The respiratory therapist enters modes and parameters into the ventilator with which of the following? A. Control logic B. Input power C. User interface D. Drive mechanism - ANSWER: ✔✔C. User interface The function of the exhalation valve is to do which of the following? A. Adjust the flow going to the patient B. Close during exhalation to vent patient gas C. Seal the external circuit during inspiration D. Determine the volume being delivered - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Seal the external circuit during inspiration In the image, what does "B" represent? A. Expiratory valve line B. Exhalation valve C. Expiratory line D. Main inspiratory line - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Expiratory line There are two types of pneumatically powered ventilators: pneumatic and fluidic A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔A. True Closed-loop ventilator logic systems are called "unintelligent" because they cannot be programmed to respond to changing conditions. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔B. False 1. Modern ICU ventilators use flow control valves. These valves control or direct gas flow by opening or closing either completely or in small increments. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔A. True The power source used by the ventilator provides the energy to perform the work of ventilating the patient. Ventilator power sources include: A. Electrical B. Pneumatic C. Dual electrical-pneumatic D. All of the above - ANSWER: ✔✔D. All of the above Early ventilators such as the tank ventilator and chest cuirass were designed to operate as: A. Positive pressure ventilators B. Negative pressure ventilators C. Constant pressure ventilators D. Volume-cycled ventilators - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Volume-cycled ventilators The equation of motion describes the relationships between which of the following? A. Pressure and flow during a mechanical breath B. Pressure and volume during a spontaneous breath C. Flow and volume during a mechanical or spontaneous breath D. Flow, volume, and pressure during a spontaneous or mechanical breath - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Flow, volume, and pressure during a spontaneous or mechanical breath How many variables can a ventilator control at one time? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four - ANSWER: ✔✔A. One An increase in airway resistance during volume-controlled ventilation will have which of the following effects? A. Volume increase B. Flow decrease C. Pressure increase D. Rate decrease - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Pressure increase An increase in airway resistance during pressure-targeted ventilation will have which of the following effects? A. Volume decrease B. Flow increase C. Pressure increase D. Rate decrease - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Volume decrease The most commonly used patient-trigger variables include which of the following?: I. Flow II. Time Which maneuver will maintain air in the lungs at the end of inspiration, before the exhalation valve opens? A. Pressure limit B. Inspiratory hold C. Expiratory hold D. Expiratory resistance - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Inspiratory hold A ventilator is set to deliver a 600 mL tidal volume. The flow rate is set at 40 L/min and the frequency is set at 10 breaths/min. If the flow rate is doubled and the patient is not assisting, which of the following will occur? A. The frequency will decrease. B. The tidal volume will increase. C. The expiratory time will increase. D. The inspiratory time will increase. - ANSWER: ✔✔C. The expiratory time will increase A patient with an opiate drug overdose is unconscious and has the following arterial blood gas results on room air: pH 7.20; partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) 88 mm Hg; partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) 42 mm Hg; bicarbonate (HCO3-) 25 mEq/L. Which of the following best describes this patient's condition? A. Chronic hypoxemic respiratory failure B. Chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure C. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure D. Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure A patient with inadequate oxygenation of the brain may display which of the following conditions?: I. Confusion II. Excitement III. Somnolence IV. Compliance A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and IV only D. III and IV only - ANSWER: ✔✔B. I and III only Which of the following values are indicative of acute respiratory failure and the need for ventilatory support?: I. Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) = - 25 cm H2O II. Dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) = 0.4 III. Vital capacity (VC) = 8 mL/kg IBW IV. pH = 7.20 A. I and II only B. II and III only C. III and IV only D. I and IV only - ANSWER: ✔✔C. III and IV only A 46-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a chief complaint of shortness of breath. Physical assessment reveals: pulse 102, blood pressure 138/80, respiratory rate 25 with accessory muscle use, and breath sounds are decreased with bilateral inspiratory and expiratory wheezing with a prolonged expiratory phase. The peak expiratory flow rate is 100 L/min. The immediate action by the respiratory therapist should include which of the following? A. Intubate and mechanically ventilate B. Administer oxygen via non-rebreather mask C. Administer continuous bronchodilator therapy D. Initiate noninvasive positive pressure ventilation - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Administer continuous bronchodilator therapy Which of the following patients is showing the signs of acute respiratory distress? A. One who is in a semi-Fowler position, watching TV, with a 2 L/min nasal cannula B. One in the high Fowler position, diaphoretic, anxious and unable to complete a sentence C. One who is leaning forward on a table, using accessory muscles, and pursed-lip breathing D. One in the high Fowler position, with a 2 L/min nasal cannula, eating breakfast - ANSWER: ✔✔B. One in the high Fowler position, diaphoretic, anxious and unable to complete a sentence The underlying physiological process leading to pure hypercapnic respiratory failure is which of the following? A. Ventilation/perfusion mismatch B. Intrapulmonary shunting C. Diffusion impairment D. Alveolar hypoventilation - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Alveolar hypoventilation Which of the following are conditions affecting the central nervous system that is associated with reduced drive to breathe? A. General anesthesia B. Stroke C. Narcotics D. All of the above - ANSWER: ✔✔D. All of the above A patient has recently been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. The most appropriate treatment includes which of the following? A. Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) B. Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV) C. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) D. Pressure Controlled Continuous Mandatory Ventilation (PC-CMV) - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Which of the following is the minimum ventilator rate that is considered full ventilatory support? A. 4 breaths/minute B. 6 breaths/minute C. 8 breaths/minute D. 10 breaths/minute - ANSWER: ✔✔C. 8 breaths/minute Partial ventilatory support can be provided by which of the following ventilator modes?: I. Pressure Controlled Continuous Mandatory Ventilation (PCCMV) set rate 8 breaths/minute The ventilator mode that delivers pressure breaths that are patient- or time-triggered, volume targeted, time cycled, and where the pressure is automatically adjusted to maintain delivery of the targeted volume is which of the following? A. Volume Support Ventilation (VSV B. Pressure Augmentation (Paug) C. MMV D. Pressure Regulated Volume Control (PRVC) - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Pressure Regulated Volume Control (PRVC) If the tube does not have a vocal cord marking, a rule to estimate the depth of intubation is to add the number ____ to the body weight in kilograms (kg). A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 - ANSWER: ✔✔C. 6 Which of the following has a suggested starting ventilation of 20 to 30 cm H2O under low compliance conditions? A. PIP B. PEEP C. Flow rate D. Tidal volume - ANSWER: ✔✔A. PIP . A neonate who is diagnosed with severe RDS has been deteriorating over the past 12 hours. The physician asks a therapist to evaluate this neonate for possible ECMO therapy. The therapist should recommend the neonate for ECMO therapy if she: A. Has a gestational age of more than 34 weeks.= B. Has been mechanically ventilated for more than 2 weeks C. Has evidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) D. Weighs less than 2,000 g - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Has a gestational age of more than 34 weeks.= Other indications of ET intubation may include all of the following except: A. Administration of oxygen B. Collection of tracheal specimens C. Mechanical ventilation D. Removal of secretions - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Administration of oxygen The most common cause of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is: A. Congenital heart disease B. Low body weight C. Oxygen toxicity D. Surfactant deficiency - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Surfactant deficiency Intubation of the neonates following delivery is indicated under all of the following conditions except: A. Apgar score greater than 8 B. Difficulty ventilating by bag and mask C. Meconium staining of amniotic fluid D. Presence of diaphragmatic hernia - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Apgar score greater than 8 The ability of HFOV to oxygenate the blood is not as good as with other methods. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔A. True Which of the following is not a primary function of mechanical ventilation? A. Correction of metabolic acidosis B. Oxygenation C. Removal of carbon dioxide D. Support ventilation failure - ANSWER: ✔✔A. Correction of metabolic acidosis Candidates for HFOV may exhibit all of the following clinical conditions with the exception of: A. Chest radiograph consistent with diffuse, homogeneous lung disease B. Difficulty to wean from conventional ventilation C. Increasing ventilation requirement D. Rapidly increasing FiO2 requirement - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Difficulty to wean from conventional ventilation For neonates below 1,000 g body weight, the proper size laryngoscope blade should be size _______ and ETT size _____ (internal diameter, mm). A. 0; 2.5 B. 0; 3.0 C. 1; 2.5 D. 1; 3.0 - ANSWER: ✔✔A. 0; 2.5 Because of the potential risks associated with ECMO, the clinical criteria used selects only those infants who are at an 80% or greater risk of mortality if conventional methods are used. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔A. True Patients with ____ are excluded from consideration of ECMO. A. ICH B. PPHN C. Sepsis D. MAS - ANSWER: ✔✔A. ICH Ideally, the temperature of the gas at the ____ should be 37 °C with a water content of 44 mg/L. A. Epiglottis B. Vocal cords C. Esophagus D. Trachea - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Trachea A. Hypotension B. Pallor C. Respiratory distress D. Tachycardia - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Tachycardia Which of the following statements is true concerning the venoarterial route in ECMO therapy? A. Blood is removed from the brachial or femoral artery B. Blood is removed from the right common carotid artery C. Blood is returned to the aortic arch via the internal jugular vein D. Blood is returned to the aortic arch via the right common carotid artery - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Blood is returned to the aortic arch via the right common carotid artery To prevent premature shutdown (power off) of the heated wire, the temperature probe should be placed: A. At the ETT adapter B. Inside the expiratory tubing C. Inside the incubator D. Outside the inlet to the incubator - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Outside the inlet to the incubator The indications for using HFJV include severe pulmonary disease that is complicated by all of the following except: A. Air leaks B. Pulmonary hypoplasia. C. Pulmonary hypotension D. Restrictive lung disease - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Pulmonary hypotension In addition to an Apgar score of 3 or less obtained immediately after delivery, intubation of a neonate should be considered in all of the following conditions except: A. ETT administration of epinephrine or surfactant is indicated B. Ineffective bag/mask ventilation C. Premature rupture of amniotic membrane D. Presence of thick meconium on delivery - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Premature rupture of amniotic membrane Selection of an ETT for neonates is based on the ____ or gestational age of the neonate. A. Birth length B. Chest circumference C. Neck circumference D. Birth weight - ANSWER: ✔✔D. Birth weight Recent publications have reported that N-CPAP is both feasible and effective in most very-low-birth- weight infants and those with acute respiratory failure. A. True B. False - ANSWER: ✔✔A. True Since the tidal volume (VT) control is not available when using pressure-controlled ventilation, an estimated VT can be calculated by multiplying the inspiratory time (I time) and ____. A. PIP B. I:E Ratio C. Flow rate D. FIO2 - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Flow rate During ____________ controlled ventilation, the ventilator delivers a variable _____________ depending on a patient's lung compliance or airflow resistance. A. pressure-; flow B. pressure-; volume C. volume-; flow D. volume-; pressure - ANSWER: ✔✔B. pressure-; volume Therapeutic or rescue administration of surfactant is indicated in infants with all of the following signs except: A. Ground glass appearance on chest x-ray B. Hyperventilation C. Progressive hypoxemia D. Respiratory distress syndrome - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Hyperventilation During pressure-controlled ventilation, a lower tidal volume would result when the patient's compliance is __________ or airflow resistance is ______________. A. Decreased; decreased B. Decreased; increased C. Increased; decreased D. Increased; increased - ANSWER: ✔✔B. Decreased; increased A unique feature of the HFOV is that it produces extremely rapid _______ cycles. A. Inspiratory B. Expiratory C. Inspiratory and expiratory D. None of the answers are correct - ANSWER: ✔✔C. Inspiratory and expiratory An infant has the following measurements: mean airway pressure = 25 cm H2O, PaO2 = 45 mm Hg at an FiO2 of 60%. What is the calculated oxygen index (OI)? A. 15 B. 27 C. 33 D. 52 - ANSWER: ✔✔C. 33 Based on the indications for prophylactic use of surfactant, the following condition must be met: A. Birth weight less than 1250 g B. Gestational age at or less than 26 weeks C. PaO2/PAO2 less than 0.22