Medical Terminology and Treatment Options, Exams of Nursing

Download Medical Terminology and Treatment Options and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Autosomal Dominant - ANSWER 1 parent has, 50% change of child having Autosomal Recessive - ANSWER Both parents are carriers, 25% change of child having, 50% chance child is a carrier. Cystic Fibrosis - ANSWER affects pancreas causing secretions in lungs 21st Trisomy - ANSWER Down Syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) - ANSWER male has extra X, female like qualities Turner Syndrome - ANSWER Missing X in females Alpha Thalassemia - ANSWER inherited blood disorder; mild to severe anemia Beta Thallasemia - ANSWER low hemoglobin; contraindicated medication ferrous sulfate WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Prevalence Risk - ANSWER proportion of the population affected at a certain time Incidence rate - ANSWER number of new cases divided by population Innate immunity - ANSWER inflammation; increased vascular permeability B&T lymphocytes - ANSWER immune response primary malignant tumor - ANSWER lack of organization of cells glucocorticoids - ANSWER used in combination with other agent to treat lymphoid tissue (leukemia). glucocorticoids are directly toxic to lymphoid tissues. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) - ANSWER for hormone receptor positive and advanced breast cancer. (Tamoxifin reduces risk and recurrence risk) Heart failure - ANSWER impairment of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood; heart cannot meet metabolic need of the body. CHF - ANSWER heart cannot keep up with metabolic needs; WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Left Ventricular Dysfunction - ANSWER reduced ejection fraction; ventricle having issue ejecting blood. normal ejection fraction - ANSWER 55 - 60 % (blood pumped out with each heartbeat) Ejection fraction of 50% - reduced or preserved? - ANSWER preserved Diastolic CHF - ANSWER preserved ejection fraction, problem is with filling Systolic CHF - ANSWER reduced ejection fraction, problem is with ejecting Left sided CHF - ANSWER pulmonary (JVD, fluid volume overload, rails, S-3 murmurs) ** #1 cause of Right sided CHF BNP - ANSWER gold standard lab test to diagnose CHF Echocardiogram - ANSWER Diagnostic tool, evaluates heart structure and function At Risk for HF - Stage A - ANSWER no structural heart disease or symptoms of heart failure WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Stage A HF co-morbidities - ANSWER htn, atherosclerotic disease, diabetes, WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers metabolic syndrome, patients using cardiotoxins with family history Therapy goals of stage A HF - ANSWER treat htn, encourage smoking cessation, encourage regular exercise, treat lipid disorders, discourage alcohol intake/drug use, control metabolic syndrome Meds: ACEI or Angiotensin II RB for vascular disease or diabetes (avapro, losartan, benicar, diovan, etc) At Risk for HF - Stage B - ANSWER structural heart disease but no symptoms of heart failure Stage B HF co-morbidities - ANSWER previous MI, LV remodeling with LV hypertrophy and low EF, asymptomatic valvular disease Therapy goals of Stage B HF - ANSWER Meds: ACEI or ARB, Beta-blockers, inplantable defibrillators Stage C heart failure - ANSWER structural heart disease with prior or current symptoms of HF Presentation of Stage C HF - ANSWER known structural heart disease and shortness of breath and fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Stage D heart failure - ANSWER refractory HF requiring specialized interventions Presentation of Stage D HF - ANSWER marked symptoms at rest despite maximal medical therapy (recurrently hospitalized or cannot be safely discharged without specialized interventions) Therapy goals for Stage D HF - ANSWER compassionate end-of- life care/hospice, extraordinary measures ,heart transplant, chronic inotropes, permanent mechanical support, experimental drugs or surgery Ischemic heart Disease (CAD, MI) presentation - ANSWER chest discomfort, pain in neck/jaw/chest (crushing, squeezing, sharp), pain worse with exertion (demand requirement is higher), abnormal heart sounds, hypoxia, arrhythmias (afib, ST elevation) Stable angina goal - ANSWER decrease cardiac oxygen demand Meds for stable angina - ANSWER nitro first choice, then beta blockers (beta blockers if angina occurs with effort) nitroglycerine dose - ANSWER sublingual, acts within 5 minutes, max of 3 doses WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Cardiac glycosides (Digoxin) - ANSWER Increased myocardial contractile WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers force (increases output), used in ED, exerts positive inotropic action, can cause severe dysrhythmias Digoxin Dosing - ANSWER therapeutic - 0.5-0.8 ng/ml. ASSESS apical pulse before administering, If lethargic and not acting right, see patient FIRST Goal of Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER inactivate and suppress formation of thrombin Warfarin (coumadin) - ANSWER PO to prevent blood clots; start with half a dose Anticoagulants - ANSWER Warfarin, heparin, lovenox; Caution about hemorrhage, any patients with risks for bleeding Pneumonia Patho - ANSWER pathogen reaches airway and overwhelms defenses causing inflammatory cascade; fluid forms, blocking diffusion (gas exchange) causing hypoxia, ultimately leads to respiratory failure Diagnosing pneumonia - ANSWER Chest X-ray: viral - diffuse widespread whitening; bacterial - patchy, consolidated, lobar Emphysema - ANSWER destruction of alveolar walls; air goes into lungs, can't get out; leads to hyperinflation WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Stage 1 Kidney Disease (CKD) - ANSWER kidney damage with normal or increased GFR, treat comorbid conditions to slow disease progression, CVD risk reduction Stage 2 CKD - ANSWER kidney damage with mild decreased GFR (60-89), Estimation of progression Stage 3 CKD - ANSWER moderate decreased GFR (30-59), treat complications Stage 4 CKD - ANSWER Severely decreased GFR (15-29), prepare for kidney replacement therapy Stage 5 CKD - ANSWER Kidney failure GFR <15 or dialysis, replacement if uremia present How do you start first dose of antihypertensives/heart failure medications? - ANSWER start first dose at night; do slow position changes, lay down if hypotension occurs Ace Inhibiters (ACEI) *pril - ANSWER reduce angiotensin II, increase bradykinin, hyperkalemia, dry cough, angioedema; contraindicated in pregnancy (fetal death), first dose causes severe hypotension, can cause renal failure WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Beta Blockers - ANSWER prevent chemical messengers; slow HR, relax vessels, lower BP, Class II antidysrhythmic drug nonselective beta blockers - ANSWER use with caution in people with lung conditions; do not use with asthma Cardio selective beta blockers - ANSWER metoprolol - only beta-1 receptors affected Third generation beta blockers - ANSWER labetalol - blocks alpha and beta receptors Calcium Channel Blockers - ANSWER vasodilation of arterioles and heart, class IV antidysrhythmic drug Verapamil - ANSWER calcium channel blocker, first choice dihydropyridines CCB - ANSWER *ine, vasodilators used to treat htn and angina non-dihydropyridines CCB - ANSWER *dilt, used for arrhythmias Statins - ANSWER lipid lowering agents (LDL), can increase good HDL, WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers muscle pain can lead to rhabdo, kidney failure, and death WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers (aspirdra) WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Long acting insulin - ANSWER glargine (Lantus) - most painful; detemir (levemir) Metformin - ANSWER first drug of choice with new Type 2 Diabetes; inhibits glucose in liver, slightly reduces glycose absorption in gut, increases glucose uptake; DOES NOT drive insulin down, very low risk for hypoglycemia TSH levels - ANSWER normal range is 0.4 to 4.0 mu/L. If you are being treated for a thyroid disorder, the normal range is 0.5 to 3.0 mu/L. A value above the normal range indicates that the thyroid is underactive. This indicates hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism Presentation - ANSWER inadequate amounts of hormone; slows body function and processes, cold, pale puffy face, skin cool and dry, low HR, low temp, lethargy, fatigue Hypothyroidism in pregnancy - ANSWER must treat to avoid neuro issues in child Hypothyroidism in newborns - ANSWER require replacement within a few days, lasts for 3 years, prevents mental development changes and growth patters, dwarfish How do you take Levothyroxine (t4) - ANSWER on an empty stomach for increased absorption WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Hashimoto disease presentation - ANSWER weight gain and fatigue; autoimmune disease Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) presentation - ANSWER elevations in T4 and T3, tachyarrhythmias, anxiety, insomnia, rapid speech, hot Graves Disease - ANSWER women 20-40 most susceptible, remove or destroy thyroid tissue or suppress with drugs (methimazole or propylthiouracil), treat with Iodine - I31, beta blockers also used to suppress release of thyroid hormones Plummer disease (toxic nodular goiter) - ANSWER result of thyroid adenoma (tumor), same as Graves disease, but absence of exophthalmos (bulging eyes) Thyroid storm - ANSWER caused by major surgery or severe illness such as sepsis, 105 F, severe tachycardia, restlessness, tremor, heart failure, coma. Treat with Propylthiouracil (PTU), symptom management Histamine - 1 antihistamines - ANSWER cause vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, help with memory and sleep. Relieve itching, pain, secretion, and mucus (allergies). Side effects: sedative, dry mouth, urinary hesitancy,, constipation. Second generation (-ine) are non-sedating WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers cannot cause cancer WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers broken heart syndrome - ANSWER mimics MI, no coronary obstruction SDOH - ANSWER social determinants of health Types of SDOHs - ANSWER access to healthy foods, health literacy, housing stability, socioeconomic status, rural vs. urban healthcare access Amoxicillin - ANSWER first line of treatment for uncomplicated otitis media in pediatric patient without comorbidities POTS - ANSWER Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Treatment of POTS - ANSWER stand slowly, lay back down if needed, add extra salt increase fluids, MEDS: Florinef Symptoms/Diagnosing POTS - ANSWER Tilt Test - HR increases by 30 bpm when standing up or over 120 in first 10 minutes, symptoms are related to reduced blood volume when standing up, can cause lightheadedness, fainting Florinef - ANSWER Used to treat conditions which glucocorticoids are low. These conditions include Addison's disease, adrenocortical insufficiency. *Also treats orthostatic hypotension; Side effects: nausea, WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers headache, sleep problems, mood changes WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Ataxia in pediatric patient - ANSWER genetic predisposition, Fragile X WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers syndrome, Prader-Willie Syndrome WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Prader-Willie Syndrome - ANSWER deletion of chromosome from father What should you avoid when breast feeding? - ANSWER combined oral contraceptives Appropriate antibiotic for use in pregnancy for treatment of UTI - ANSWER one time dose of Fosfomycin, cephalexin also appropriate. AVOID: nitrofurantoin ad bactrim. DO NOT USE: PCN Drug of choice for pediatric UTI with no comorbidities - ANSWER trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra); alternatives: augmentin, cephalosporins Color blindness genetic component - ANSWER x-linked, only comes from mother, 50% chance; gene: OPN1MW on chromosome 23 Sickle Cell genetics - ANSWER children with sickle cell: 25% children without and not carriers: 25% children who are carriers: 50% treatment for sickle cell crisis - ANSWER hydration, heat, oxygen, pain meds WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers ESR, LFT, electrolyte panel, and ANA (antinuclear antibody) WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Japanese man has htn and CKD. What is antihypertensive of choice? - ANSWER angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers blocker. Next course of action is reduced salt diet. What do you do if COPD/asthma patient has failed long acting beta agonists (LABAs)? - ANSWER continuous oxygen?? medullary thyroid cancer presentation, diagnosis, and treatment - ANSWER Presentation: neck pain/lump, dysphagia, SOB Diagnosis: fine needle aspiration & carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Treatment: surgery, if not removed use chemo to inhibit tyrosine kinases *Nib cancer drugs PRN meds for anxiety - ANSWER benzodiazepam, vistaril, seroquel, SSRIs, and Wellbutrin Diazepam (Valium) - ANSWER 1st choice treatment for anxiety, is a benzodiazepam Buspirone - ANSWER treats anxiety, not a benzo SSRIs (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft) - ANSWER treatment of panic disorder to decrease frequency and intensity of attacks WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Induration seen on patient who has had TB immunization is normal and not positive. Someone who has been vaccinated for TB should not receive skin test. Sjogren's syndrome - ANSWER autoimmune destruction of minor salivary glands and lacrimal glands; anti-nuclear antibodies, anti- SSA +SSB Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - ANSWER most common type of lung tumors, 15% of lung cancers, 25% of lung cancer deaths. Arise from central part of lung, cell size range from 6-8mm. strong correlation to tobacco smoking. rapid rate of growth, metastasize early and widely, worst prognosis of all lung cancers. left untreated survival rate is 8% at 5 years. hormones related to small cell carcinoma - ANSWER arise from neuroendocrine cells that contain neurosecretory granules, exist throughout the tracheobronchial tree, associated with tumor- derived hormone production. resultant s/s called paraneoplastic syndromes are first manifestations of the underlying cancer. examples: hyponatremia (antidiuretic hormone), cushing syndrome (adenocorticotropic hormone), hypocalcemia (calcitonin), gynecomastia (gonadotropins), carcinoid syndrome (serotonin), Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness of limbs) Diagnosing lung cancer - ANSWER chest x-ray, mutation in EFGR WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers (gene mutation in people who have never smoked) WGU D027 exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers Step 1 asthma treatment - ANSWER (intermittent asthma); Preferred: SABA inhaled Step 2 asthma treatments (persistent asthma) - ANSWER Preferred: low dose ICS, Alternative - theophylline Step 3 asthma treatments - ANSWER Preferred: low-dose ICS (inhaled corticosteroid) plus LABA or medium dose ICS Step 4 asthma treatment - ANSWER Preferred: med dose ICS plus LABA Step 5 asthma treatment - ANSWER Preferred: high dose ICS plus LABA Step 6 asthma treatment - ANSWER Preferred: high dose ICS plus LABA plus oral systemic corticosteroid Quick relief medication for all asthma patients - ANSWER inhaled SABA as needed for symptoms. Intensity of treatment depends on severity of symptoms (up to 3 treatments at 20 minute intervals PRN). Short course of systemic corticosteroids may be needed. Use of inhaled SABA for more than 2 days/week indicates: - ANSWER inadequate control and the need to step up treatment