Medical Terminology Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download Medical Terminology Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! WEEK #1: INTRO TO PATHO, GENETICS, IMMUNITY, & ID  When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, it is inherited from whom? Both parents  What are X-linked recessive conditions? Duchenne MD, Hemophilia, Fragile X Syndrome, cystic fibrosis  What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? - Increased capillary permeability  Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? Active-acquired immunity  Where are antibodies produced? Plasma cells  Vaccinations provide protection against certain microorganisms because of what? Level of protection provided by IgG  What is IgM? First antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen.  Cytokines are vital to a cell’s ability to do which function? Communicate  How is hypersensitivity best defined? - altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host  The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins? Type I response by IgE  During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm? - Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors  A type IV hypersensitivity reaction causes which result? - Lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targets  Which blood cell carries the carbohydrate antigens for blood type? Red blood cells  How many months does it take for the newborn to be sufficiently protected by antibodies produced by its own B cells? 6-8 months  Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator? prostaglandin  What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection? - It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA  Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells represent malignant transformation and proliferation of which of these? B cells WEEK #3: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  During the cardiac cycle, which structure directly delivers action potential to the ventricular myocardium? Purkinje fibers  A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has a delay in electrical activity reaching the ventricle as seen on ECG. What ECG finding would the healthcare professional associate with this problem? PR interval measuring 0.28 sec  The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the sinoatrial (SA) node because of what reason? It depolarizes more rapidly than other automatic cells of the heart .  What is the major effect of a calcium channel blocker such as verapamil on cardiac contractions? .Decreases the strength of cardiac contractions  Within a physiologic range, what does an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) result in? stroke volume and cardiac output are increased. With the progressive loss of ventricular contractility  What is the effect of epinephrine on β3 receptors on the heart? Prevents overstimulation of the heart by the sympathetic nervous system  What physical sign does the healthcare professional relate to the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel. Heart murmur  What is the major determinant of the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the systemic circulation? Muscle layer of the arterioles  What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis? Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls  When endothelial cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines.  Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter? (catecholamines) Epinephrine  Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present  Which substance primarily contains cholesterol and protein? Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)  How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)? Increasing peripheral vascular resistance.  In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have on stroke volume? increases both preload and afterload  An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? Ventricular septal defect (VSD)  An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) would likely exhibit which symptom? Asymptomatic - continuous-machinery type murmur WEEK #4: GU, RENAL, AND GYN  A functional unit of the kidney is called? Nephron  The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) controls what of the kidney? renal blood flow (RBF), and glomerular filtration, and Renin secretion  The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is related to? perfusion pressure in glomerular capillaries  Once renin is released, it is causes which action? stimulates the formation of angiotensin in blood and tissues, which in turn stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex  What is the purpose of the Antidiuretic Hormone? the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced. A high ADH level causes the body to produce less urine. A low level results in greater urine production  Which differentiating sign would help a provider in diagnosing cystitis or pyelonephritis? White blood cell casts  What is the hallmark sign/symptoms you will see in geriatrics with a urinary tract infection? confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort  In glomerular disorders, you will find which abnormal laboratory value? elevated serum creatinine level and abnormal urinalysis (hematuria with or without casts, proteinuria, or both)  How do you treat hyperkalemia in acute renal failure with glucose and insulin? Insulin pulls K+  Which bacteria is accompanied with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) associated with throat or skin culture? Streptococcus bacteria  Explain the transmission method of simplex virus (HSV). through contact with a person who is shedding the virus  The IgG is deposited in which location in glomerulonephritis? glomerular basement membranes  In children, what causes vesicoureteral reflux? neural tube defect like spina bifida  The ovarian follicle develops into?corpus luteum  The corpus luteum produces progesterone by a surge of which hormone? o right sided heart failure secondary to (usually chronic) pulmonary artery hypertension o Consist of right ventricular enlargement (hypertrophy, dilatation or both)  Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants? They are obligatory nose breathers.  Which type of croup is most common? Viral or Bacterial?  Bronchiolitis caused by which type of infection? respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)  What test do you do to confirm the diagnosis of asthma? Spirometry  Define Cystic Fibrosis.  What is the most common predisposing factor to obstructive sleep apnea in children? Adenotonsillar hypertrophy  What are the core defects of asthma? o Inflammation: latent release of inflammatory mediators o Mucous production: o Bronchoconstriction: WEEK #6: Neuro and Psych Disorders  Define myelinated nerves in the peripheral nervous system. o Formed and maintained by the Schwann cell o Nerve capable to regeneration  Where is the neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, secreted? o produced in the inner part of the adrenal glands (adrenal medulla) o secrete in the sympathetic postganglion  Oligodendroglia and Schwann cells are able to form __?___. Formation of myelin sheath and neurilemma in the CNS & PNS  Which part of the brain is affected by Parkinson disease? o Basal ganglia (corpus striatum) involving the indirect pathway. o Loss of dopaminergic-pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra  Define Dura mater and Pia mater. o Dura mater - outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system. o Pia mater - the innermost layer of the meninges  Antipsychotic drugs cause tardive dyskinesia by mimicking the effects of an increase of what? Dopamine  Which deficit of the brain’s neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson? Dopamine  Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of individuals with what? Major depression  The common property among the three types of medications used to treat depression is that they do what? Increase neurotransmitter levels within the synapse  Where do you find Schwannoma in the body? Myeline sheath that covers the nerves  Define panic disorder. complication of panic disorder is the development of agoraphobia or phobic avoidance of places or situations where escape or help is not readily available  Tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities are a result of the atrophy of neurons in which part of the brain? Atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine  A herniation of which disk will likely result in motor and sensory changes of the lateral lower legs and soles of the feet? L5-S1  What is the most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor? Meningiomas  Define Myasthenia Gravis. - chronic autoimmune disease mediated by acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction  Define Multiple sclerosis. - Chronic autoimmune disease characterized by develop- ment of plaque in the white matter of the central nervous system. This plaque damages the myelin sheath and interferes with impulse transmission between CNS & body  Which neurotransmitter is decreased in patients with depression? Serotonin  What are the criteria to diagnose generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? o Excessive and persistent worries at least 6 months o Motor disturbances, irritability, and fatigue  Which gliomas is considered the highest grade and most serious? glioblastoma multiforme  Define hemangioma.  ADD/ADHD involves which of the following neurotransmitters in its pathophysiology? Dopamine and norepinephrine