Memory Hierarchy System-Advance Computer Architecture-Lecture Slides, Slides of Advanced Computer Architecture

Download Memory Hierarchy System-Advance Computer Architecture-Lecture Slides and more Slides Advanced Computer Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! Module 6: Memory Hierarchy System Concept of caching states that a small, fastest and most expensive storage be used as the staging area or temporary-place to: – store frequently-used subset of the data or instructions from the relatively cheaper, larger and slower memory; and – To avoid having to go to the main memory every time this information is needed The performance of cache is limited by different types of penalties docsity.com Module 6: Memory Hierarchy System Then we that talked four options to improve the cache performance These options are used to reduce: ─ the miss penalty ─ the miss rate ─ the miss Penalty or miss rate via Parallelism ─ the time to hit in the cache docsity.com Module 7: Multiprocessing We talked about sharing of caches for multi- processing in the symmetric shared-memory architecture in details Here, we studied the cache coherence problem and introduced two methods, write invalidation and write broadcasting schemes, to resolve the problem We also discussed the finite state machine for the implementation of snooping algorithm docsity.com The overall performance of a computer is measured by its throughput, which is very much influenced by the systems external to the processor The effect of neglecting the I/Os on the overall performance of a computer system can best be visualized by Amdahl's Law which identifies that: system speed-up limited by the slowest part! Module 8: I/O Systems docsity.com Then we discussed the trends in I/O inter- connects as: the networks, channels and backplanes The networks offer message-based narrow- pathway for distributed processors over long distance The backplanes offer memory-mapped wide pathway for centralized processing over short distance The interconnects are implemented via buses Module 8: I/O Systems docsity.com The three bus arbitration schemes are:  Daisy Chain Arbitration  Centralized Parallel Arbitration  Distributed Arbitration Module 8: I/O Systems docsity.com Module 8: I/O Systems Having discussed the basic types of storage devices and the ways to interconnect them to the CPU, we studied the ways to evaluate the performance of storage I/O systems Here, we noticed that the reliability of a system can be improved by using the following four methods docsity.com Module 8: I/O Systems  Fault Avoidance – prevent fault occurrence by construction  Fault Tolerance – providing service complying with the service specification by redundancy  Error Removal – minimizing the presence of errors by verification  Error Forecasting – to estimate the presence, creation and consequence of errors by evaluation docsity.com Module 9: Networks and Clusters We classified the distributed switch interconnects as the fully and partially connected, symmetric and asymmetric interconnects Then we discussed the linear array, ring, 2D mesh/torus and hypercube topologies and their performance measures docsity.com Module 9: Networks and Clusters We also discussed Internetworking, i.e., the connection of two or more interconnection networks to communicate reliably and efficiently Internetworking relies on the communication standards composed of hierarchy of layers The internet communication Protocol Families facilitates applications to work with any inter- connection docsity.com Thanks and Allah Hafiz docsity.com