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Memory #23:
What is Memory? Memory – capacity to preserve and recover information Types of Long-term Memory (LTM) Episodic Memory – memory of an event that happened while one was present (i.e., an “episode ” in one’s life) Semantic Memory – a memory of generalized knowledge of the world (e.g., capital of USA?) Procedural Memory – memory containing information on how to do things (e.g., how to ride a bike). Types of Retrieval Processes Recall – retrieval of stored information without cues/clues (e.g., essay question) Recognition – retrieval aided by cues/clues (e.g., multiple choice test) Explicit and Implicit Memory Explicit memory (episodic & semantic) – the process in which people intentionally try to remember something Implicit memory (procedural) – the unintentional influence of prior experience Word Fragment completion test ex: H_T Three Stages of
Memory
EXTERNAL
STIMULI
Sensory memory
Briefly retains the
information picked up
by the sensory organs
Short-term memory
Temporarily holds
information in
consciousness
Long-term memory
Can retain information
for long periods of time,
often until the person dies
Storing New Memories Sensory Memory – holds information from all the senses in sensory registers for a fraction of a second ~ Selective Attention – focusing mental resources on only part of the stimulus field Short-term Memory (STM) – receives and maintains information perceived and selectively attended from sensory memory or retrieved from long-term memory Storing New Memories Con’t Working Memory (WM) – allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in STM Human Memory http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=141zkC2x bvE Andi Bell memory expert http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=eFynEljI7 Tw Storage Capacity of Short-Term Memory Con’t Chunking – memory strategy of rearranging incoming information into meaningful patterns The Power of Chunking FB-IA-OLM-TVI-BMB-MW Recall Let’s try again, okay? Distinguishing Between Short-Term and Long-Term Memory Con’t Serial-Position Curve – the probability of recalling an item is a function of its position in a list. Characteristics of Memory The Primacy Effect – recall of the first two or three items in a list is particularly good. Recency Effect – last few items are recalled fairly well. Retrieving Memories Retrieval is the ability to bring a memory into consciousness. Retrieval Cues – stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory Memory as a Reconstruction Schema – mental representation of categories of objects, events, and people. Eyewitness Testimony Cross-Race Bias – error more likely if a different race that eyewitness Weapon Focus – attention on weapon and not on perpetrator Eyewitness Testimony Con’t Misinformation Effect - erroneous information supplied after the event can be integrated into recollections of the actual event Causes of Forgetting Con’t Lincoln’s image is facing, location of the date, and include all of the words on the “heads” side of the penny Causes of Forgetting Con’t Decay theory – if memories are not used, they fade with time and ultimately disappear entirely Forgetting – loss of accessibility to previously stored material Ebbinghaus’s Contributions 1. Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve – information loss as a function of time (POF, SEM,) 2. Savings – difference between first learning something and then relearning it at a later time 3. Overlearning – continued study after perfect recall leads to better memory and longer retention Flashbulb Memories Flashbulb Memory – rich memory records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significance events Improving Memory Mnemonic Devices – special mental tricks that help people think about material in ways that improve later memory Method of Loci – a familiar path where one visualizes placing objects that one needs to remember Peg-word Method – you form visual images connecting to-be-remembered items with retrieval cues/pegs
