Memory: Understanding Different Types, Concepts, and Techniques, Slides of Research Methodology

Download Memory: Understanding Different Types, Concepts, and Techniques and more Slides Research Methodology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 7: Memory Docsity.com Memory: Some Key Terms • Memory: Active system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers (retrieves) information • Encoding: Converting information into a useable form • Storage: Holding this information in memory for later use • Retrieval: Taking memories out of storage Docsity.com Short-Term Memory (STM) • Holds small amounts of information briefly – Working Memory: Another name for STM; like a mental “scratchpad”; especially used for thinking and problem solving – Selective Attention: Focusing (voluntarily) on a selected portion of sensory input (e.g., selective hearing) Docsity.com Long-Term Memory (LTM) • Storing information relatively permanently • Stored on basis of meaning and importance Docsity.com Digit Span • Test of attention and short-term memory; string of numbers is recalled forward or backward – Typically part of intelligence tests • Magic Number 7 (Plus or Minus 2): STM is limited to holding seven (plus or minus two) information bits at once Docsity.com Long-Term Memory Concepts • Constructive Processing: Reorganizing or updating long-term memories on the basis of logic, reasoning, or adding new information • Pseudo-Memory: False memories that a person believes are true or accurate • Network Model: Memory mode that views it as an organizational system of linked information • Redintegrative Memory: Memories that are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to related memories Docsity.com Types of Long-Term Memories • Procedural: Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills • Declarative: LTM section that contains factual information • Semantic Memory: Impersonal facts and everyday knowledge – Subpart of declarative memory • Episodic: Personal experiences linked with specific times and places – Subpart of declarative memory Docsity.com Sensory memory J Short-term memory J Long-term memory —_ Procedural memory Declarative memory Semantic memory Episodic memory Docsity.com © 2007 Thomson Higher Education Recognition Memory • Identifying correctly previously learned material – Usually superior to recall • Distractors: False items included with a correct item – Wrong choices on multiple-choice tests • False Positive: False sense of recognition Docsity.com Relearning • Learning again something that was previously learned – Used to measure memory of prior learning • Savings Score: Amount of time saved when relearning information Docsity.com Additional Memory Concepts • Explicit Memory: Past experiences that are consciously brought to mind • Implicit Memory: A memory that a person does not know exists; memory that is unconsciously retrieved • Priming: When cues are used to activate hidden memories Docsity.com Additional Theories of Forgetting • Memory Cues: Any stimulus associated with a memory; usually enhance retrieval of a memory – A person will forget if cues are missing at retrieval time Docsity.com State-Dependent Learning • When memory retrieval is influenced by body state; if your body state is the same at the time of learning AND the time of retrieval, retrievals will be improved – If Robert is drunk and forgets where his car is parked, it will be easier to recall the location if he gets drunk again! Docsity.com Even More Theories of Forgetting • Interference: Tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and vice versa • Retroactive Interference: Tendency for new memories to interfere with retrieval of old memories • Proactive Interference: Prior learning inhibits (interferes) with recall of later learning Docsity.com Memory Structures • Hippocampus: Brain structure associated with information passing from short-term memory into long-term memory; also associated with emotion – If damaged, person can no longer “create” long-term memories and thus will always live in the present – Memories prior to damage will remain intact Docsity.com Ways to Improve Memory • Knowledge of Results: Feedback allowing you to check your progress • Recitation: Summarizing aloud while you are rehearsing material • Rehearsal: Reviewing information mentally (silently) • Elaborative Rehearsal: Look for connections to existing knowledge Docsity.com More Ways to Improve Memory • Selection: Selecting most important concepts to memorize • Organization: Organizing difficult items into chunks; a type of reordering Docsity.com Mnemonics: Memory “Tricks” • Any kind of memory system or aid – Use mental pictures – Make things meaningful – Make information familiar – Form bizarre, unusual or exaggerated mental associations • Keyword Method: Memory aid; using a familiar word or image to link two items Docsity.com Using Mnemonics to Remember Things in Order • Form a Story or Chain: Remember lists in order, forming an exaggerated association connecting item one to two, and so on • Take a Mental Walk: Mentally walk along a familiar path, placing objects or ideas along the path • Use a system Docsity.com