Memory: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, and Forgetting - Prof. Chelsea Woodcock, Study notes of Psychology

Download Memory: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, and Forgetting - Prof. Chelsea Woodcock and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 8 – Memory Memory – The capacity to preserve and recover information Encoding – Controls how memories are initially acquired Storage – Controls how memories are maintained Retrieval – How stored memories are recovered and translated into performance Remembering Over the Short Term Sensory Memory – Keeps the message in pure, unanalyzed form Short-Term Memory – Holds info after it has been analyzed Less than two minutes “Working Memory” Sensory Memory: Icon and Echo Icon – Lingering sensory memory trace Iconic Memory – Produces and stores icons (visual) Trailing light from match/sparkler Echoic Memory – Stores lingering sounds (echos) Plays key role in language processing Phantom Tones Short-Term Memory: Prolonging the Present Short-Term Memory – System used to temporarily store and analyze info “Working Memory” Inner Voice – The ‘voice’ you can hear inside of your head Inner Eye – The ‘imagery’ you can see in your head Rehearsal – Process of internal repetition ForgettingShort-Term Memories Decay Interference from new info Confusion between past and new memories Memory Span – Number of Items that can be recalled from short-term memory on 50% of trials 5-9 items Chunking – Rearranging info into meaningful or familiar patters (chunks) CA TFL YBU G Cat Fly Bug Previous knowledge on info promotes successful chunking Working Memory Model Phonological Loop- Temporary storage of acoustic and verbal information Inner Voice Critical Role in Langauge Visuospatial Sketchpad – Short-term retention and processing of visual and spatial information Counting windows in your house through “mind’s eye” Central Executive – Coordinates Loop and Sketchpad Storing Info over Long Term Long-Term Memory – Maintains info for extended periods of time Cued recall – testing condition with explicit retrieval cues Importance of Retrieval Cues Encoding –Retrieval Match Retrieval is easier if it matches the way the info was originally encoded Transfer-Appropriate Processing Study material the same way it will be tested on later Reconstructive Remembering Schema – Large cluster of related facts Can be inaccurate Facts can be distorted Remembering without Awareness: Implicit Memory Implicit Memory – Absent of conscious awareness Speaking Walking Breathing Explicit Memory – Conscious, willful remembering Recall / recognition tests Updating Memory Forgetting – loss of accessibility to previously stored material Russian Journalist (‘S.’) – Couldn’t forget anything, went insane How Quickly We Forget Ebbinghaus Curve – Measured span of syllable retention ‘Bump” in forgetting curve Late adolescence – age 30 Why do we Forget? Decay Retroactive Interference New memories hurt recovery of old memories Proactive Interference Old memories hurt establishment of new memories Motivated Forgetting Repression – Defense Mechanism used to push threatening thoughts, memories and feeling out of conscious awareness Freud People cast themselves into a ‘positive light’ Neuroscience of Forgetting Amnesia – Forgetting caused by problems in the brain Retrograde Amnesia – Memory loss of events BEFORE brain injury Anterograde Amnesia – Memory Loss of events AFTER brain Injury Korsakoff Syndrome Where are Memories Stored Hippocampus Amygdala Emotionally charge memories