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Chapter 24 Metabolism and
Energy Production
24.1 The Citric Acid Cycle
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Metabolism Summary
Fats and Lipids
fatty acid,
glycerol
glycogenesis
Lipogenesis
glycogenolysis
ADP ADP
ATP ATP H20
Ah cite Acid Cycle Overview
In the citric acid cycle:
=» Acetyl (2C) bonds to py
oxaloacetate (4C) to }
form citrate (6C).
=» Oxidation and
decarboxylation
convert citrate to
oxaloacetate.
=» Oxaloacetate bonds 0,
With another acety] nom memory coverormmntnenns miter anna cman
to repeat the cycle.
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Citric Acid Cycle 1. Synthesis of citric acid 2. Dehydra- tion 3. Hydration Docsity.com Citric Acid Cycle 7. Hydrol- ysis Make ATP 8. Oxidation 9. Hydration 10. Oxidation Docsity.com Citric Acid Cycle Summary • Link to vchembook - ATP calculation Docsity.com
4 Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
= Low levels of ATP
stimulate the eae
formation of acetyl eee
CoA for the citric acid —_ 2 ts
cycle.
« High ATP and NADH — 2.
levels decrease the an
formation of acetyl a
CoA and slow down SeeteenRmNNONe
the citric acid cycle. ¥ Second
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=» The complete
oxidation of
glucose yields
6CO,, 6H,O,
and 36 ATP.
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4 ATP from Glycolysis
Reaction Pathway ATP for One Glucose
ATP from Glycolysis
Activation of glucose -2 ATP
Oxidation of 2 NADH (as FADH,) 4 ATP
Direct ADP phosphorylation (two triose) 4 ATP
Summary:
C;H,,O,—> 2 pyruvate + 2H,O + 6 ATP
glucose
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4a ATP from Two Pyruvate
Under aerobic conditions:
= 2 pyruvate are oxidized to 2 acetyl CoA and
2 NADH.
=» 2 NADH enter electron transport to provide
6 ATP.
Summary:
2 Pyruvate —~+ 2 Acetyl CoA +6 ATP
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Hormone Regulation of Carbo- Metabolism
Regulation of Blood
Glucose Levels
blood glucose
(mg/100 mL}
Ba
mn
o
stimulates
insulin 200
A converted to
i 150 glycogen -
Hyperglycemia ghycogenesis
100 normal
fasting level
¥ Hypoghcemia 50 converted to
2 glucose -
stimulates Oo glycogenolysis
glucagon
C. Ophardt, ¢. 2003
Hormone Regulation of Carbo- Metabolism • Insulin - high glucose |||| Glucagon - low glucose Docsity.com Response to muscle activity
Epinephrine Initiated Phosphorylation Cascade
Epinephrine y (a) Blood
,
Qphardt, ¢. 2003
<p adenyl cyclase
ATP je cyclic AMP
@)
protein kinase ——4 protein kinase
(inactive) (active)
glycogen series of
synthetase C Glycogen , phosphorylases
(inactivate) OS)
Gluceose-+-phosphate
Glycolysis Muscle Cell
