methods of enquiry in psychology, Schemes and Mind Maps of Psychology

Download methods of enquiry in psychology and more Schemes and Mind Maps Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! PSYCHOLOGY FIFTH YEAR/GRADE 11 TOPIC- METHODS OF ENQUIRY IN PSYCHOLOGY (SHORT NOTE/SUMMARY) WITH REF. TO NCERT GRADE 11 TH PSYCHOLOGY BOOK CONTENT 1) Goals of Psychological Enquiry 2) Steps in Conducting Scientific Research 3) Nature of Psychological Data 4) Some Important Methods in Psychology 5) Observational Method 6) Example of an Experiment 7) Experimental Method 8) Correlational Research 9) Survey Research 10) Example of Survey Method 11) Psychological Testing 12) Case Study 13) Analysis of Data 14) Quantitative Method 15) Qualitative Method 16) Limitations of Psychological Enquiry 17) Ethical Issues Create or Use the theory modify the to forma theory. hypothesis. Perform the Design a study research. to test the hypothesis. lll. Nature of Psychological Data 1)Demographic Information : This information generally includes personal information like name, age, gender, birth order, number of siblings, education, occupation, marital status, number of children, locality of residence, caste, religion, parental education, occupation, and family income, etc. 2)Physical Information : This category includes information about ecological conditions (hilly/desert/forest), mode of economy, housing conditions, size of rooms, facilities available at home, in the neighborhood, in the school, mode of transportation, etc 3)Physiological Data : In some studies physical, physiological and psychological data are collected about height, weight, heart rate, level of fatigue, Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR), electrical activity of the brain measured by Electro-encephalograph (EEG), blood oxygen levels, reaction time, duration of sleep, blood pressure, pattern of dream, amount of salivation, running and jumping rates (in case of animal studies), etc., are collected. 4)Psychological Information : Psychological information collected, may relate to such areas as intelligence, personality, interest, values, creativity, emotions, motivation, psychological disorders, illusions, delusions, hallucinations, perceptual judgment, thought processes, consciousness, subjective experiences, etc. IV. SOME IMPORTANT METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 1) Observational method – 2) Experimental method- Experiments are generally conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables in a controlled setting. Independent variables are manipulated and their effects are measured on the dependent variable. The questionnaire is the most common, simple, versatile, and low-cost self-report method of collecting information. It consists of a predetermined set of questions. 5) Psychological Testing Psychologists have constructed different types of tests for assessment of various human characteristics, such as intelligence, aptitude, personality, interest, attitudes, values, educational achievement, etc. These tests are used for various purposes.  Technically speaking, a psychological test is a standardized and objective instrument.  Objectivity refers to the fact that if two or more researchers administer a psychological test on the same group of people, both of them would come up with more or less the same values for each person in the group.  The construction of a test is a systematic process and involves certain steps. It involves detailed analysis of items, and estimating reliability, validity, and norms of the whole test.  Reliability of the test refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual on the same test on two different occasions  Validity refers to the question: “Does the test measure what it claims to measure”?  A test becomes a standardized test when norms are developed for the test. As mentioned earlier, norm is the normal or average performance of the group 6) Case study  It is an in-depth study of a particular case.  It employs multiple methods for collecting information such as interviews, observations and psychological tests from a variety of respondents who in some way or the other might be associated with the case and can provide useful information. Ethical Issues Include: Anonymity — researcher does not know who participated or is not able to match the response with the participant. Confidentiality — no information given by individual respondents will be released by anyone. Results will be summarized across respondents. Informed Consent -— respondents will be fully informed about risks and benefits of the study. Cultural Competency — efforts will be made to make sure research procedures and instruments are cultural and language appropriate. Participants should not be harmed or harm should be kept to a tia nv No one should be forced to participate. Participants do not have to answer every question. Research studies should be reviewed by the employing organization’s institutional review board (IRB) to ensure that the project protects human subjects.