Understanding Different Types of Gene Transfer and Their Significance in Biology, Quizzes of Microbiology

Download Understanding Different Types of Gene Transfer and Their Significance in Biology and more Quizzes Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 lag phase DEFINITION 1 organisms do not increase significantly in number, but are metabolically active - growing in size, synthesizing enzymes, and incorporating various molecules from the medium TERM 2 log phase DEFINITION 2 organisms divide at their most rapid rate TERM 3 chemostat DEFINITION 3 A chemostat (from Chemical environment is static) is a bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid is continuously removed to keep the culture volume constant. TERM 4 stationary phase DEFINITION 4 new cells are produced at the same rate that cells die TERM 5 decline phase DEFINITION 5 death phase - the number of live cells decreases at a logarithmic rate TERM 6 involution DEFINITION 6 assumes a variety of unusual shapes TERM 7 serial dilution DEFINITION 7 A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. TERM 8 standard plate count DEFINITION 8 only living bacterium will divide and form a visible colony on an agar plate TERM 9 colony-forming unit DEFINITION 9 In microbiology, colony-forming unit (CFU or cfu) is a measure of viable bacterial or fungal numbers. TERM 10 most probable number DEFINITION 10 The most probable number (MPN) method, otherwise known as the method of Poisson zeroes, is a method of getting quantitative data on concentrations of discrete items from positive/negative (incidence) data. TERM 21 hydrostatic pressure DEFINITION 21 Fluid statics (also called hydrostatics) is the science of fluids at rest, and is a sub-field within fluid mechanics. TERM 22 barophile DEFINITION 22 A piezophile (also called a barophile) is an organism which thrives at high pressures, such as deep sea bacteria or archaea. TERM 23 plasmolysis DEFINITION 23 Plasmolysis is the process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis. TERM 24 hyperosmotic DEFINITION 24 Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. TERM 25 turgid DEFINITION 25 Turgor pressure or turgidity is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole, resulting from osmotic pressure, i.e. TERM 26 trace element DEFINITION 26 In analytical chemistry, a trace element is an element in a sample that has an average concentration of less than 100 parts per million measured in atomic count, or less than 100 micrograms per gram. TERM 27 vitamin DEFINITION 27 A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. TERM 28 nutritional complexity DEFINITION 28 the number of nutrients an organism must obtain to grow TERM 29 amylase DEFINITION 29 Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. TERM 30 sucrase DEFINITION 30 Sucrase is the name given to a number of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose. TERM 31 lactase DEFINITION 31 Lactase (LCT), a part of the -galactosidase family of enzymes, is a glycoside hydrolase involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers. TERM 32 maltase DEFINITION 32 Maltase () is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide maltose. TERM 33 lipase DEFINITION 33 A lipase is a water-soluble enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in water-insoluble, lipid substrates. TERM 34 proteases DEFINITION 34 A protease (also termed peptidase or proteinase) breaks down proteins. TERM 35 gelatinase DEFINITION 35 In biology and chemistry, gelatinase is a proteolytic enzyme that allows a living organism to hydrolyse gelatin into its sub- compounds (polypeptides, peptides, and amino acids) that can cross the cell membrane and be used by the organism. TERM 46 peptone DEFINITION 46 Peptides (from the Greek --, "small digestibles") are short polymers formed from the linking, in a defined order, of - amino acids. TERM 47 blood agar DEFINITION 47 useful in identifying organisms that can cause hemolysis, or breakdown of red blood cells TERM 48 selective medium DEFINITION 48 A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells , or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens . TERM 49 enrichment medium DEFINITION 49 contains special nutrients that allow growth of a particular organism that might not otherwise be present in sufficient numbers to allow it to be isolated and identified TERM 50 preserved culture DEFINITION 50 a culture in which organisms are maintained in a dormant state TERM 51 reference culture DEFINITION 51 a preserved culture that maintains the organisms with the characteristics as originally defined TERM 52 heredity DEFINITION 52 Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). TERM 53 chromosome DEFINITION 53 A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. circular in prokaryotes linear in eukaryotes TERM 54 gene DEFINITION 54 A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. TERM 55 locus DEFINITION 55 In the fields of genetics and evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome. TERM 56 alleles DEFINITION 56 genes with different information at the same locus TERM 57 mutation DEFINITION 57 Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication. TERM 58 DNA replication DEFINITION 58 DNA replication, the basis for biological inheritance, is a fundamental process occurring in all living organisms to copy their DNA. TERM 59 replication forks DEFINITION 59 the points at which the two strands of DNA separate to allow replication TERM 60 DNA polymerase DEFINITION 60 A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand. TERM 71 stop codon DEFINITION 71 In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation. the last codon to be translated in a molecule of mRNA TERM 72 genetic code DEFINITION 72 The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells. TERM 73 sense codon DEFINITION 73 codons that code for an amino acid TERM 74 nonsense codon DEFINITION 74 codons that do not code for any amino acids TERM 75 transfer RNA DEFINITION 75 Transfer ribonucleic acid (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA molecule (usually about 74-95 nucleotides) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. used to transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for placement in a protein molecule TERM 76 anticodon DEFINITION 76 Transfer ribonucleic acid (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA molecule (usually about 74-95 nucleotides) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. TERM 77 polyribosome DEFINITION 77 Polyribosomes (or polysomes) also known as ergosomes are a cluster of ribosomes, bound to a mRNA molecule, first discovered and characterized by Jonathan Warner, Paul Knopf, and Alex Rich in 1963. Polyribosomes read one strand of mRNA simultaneously, helping to synthesize the same protein at different spots on the mRNA, mRNA being the "messenger" in the process of protein synthesis. TERM 78 feedback inhibition DEFINITION 78 (end product inhibition) the end product of a biosynthetic pathway directly inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway TERM 79 constitutive enzyme DEFINITION 79 synthesized continuously regardless of the nutrients available to the organism TERM 80 inducible enzyme DEFINITION 80 An adaptive enzyme or inducible enzyme is an enzyme that is expressed only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value, as opposed to a constitutive enzyme which is produced all the time. TERM 81 inducer DEFINITION 81 In molecular biology, an inducer is a molecule that starts gene expression. TERM 82 operon DEFINITION 82 a sequence of closely associated genes that regulate enzyme production TERM 83 structural gene DEFINITION 83 carries information for the synthesis of specific proteins such as enzyme molecules TERM 84 regulatory site DEFINITION 84 control the expression of the structural genes TERM 85 regulator gene DEFINITION 85 A regulator gene or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. TERM 96 base analog DEFINITION 96 A base analog is a chemical that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids. TERM 97 alkylating agent DEFINITION 97 substance that add alkyl groups to other molecules TERM 98 dimer DEFINITION 98 A dimer is a chemical or biological entity consisting of two structurally similar subunits called monomers, which are joined by bonds, which can be strong or weak. TERM 99 photoreactivation DEFINITION 99 occurs in the presence of visible light in bacteria previously exposed to UV light TERM 100 dark repair DEFINITION 100 occurs in some bacteria, and can take place in the presence or absence of light, requires several enzyme-controlled reactions TERM 101 fluctuation test DEFINITION 101 The Luria-Delbrck experiment (1943) (also called the Fluctuation Test) demonstrates that in bacteria, genetic mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection. TERM 102 replica plating DEFINITION 102 In molecular biology and microbiology, replica plating is a technique in which one or more secondary Petri plates containing different solid (agar-based) selective growth media (lacking nutrients or containing chemical growth inhibitors such as antibiotics) are inoculated with the same colonies of microorganisms from a primary plate (or master dish), reproducing the original spatial pattern of colonies. TERM 103 carcinogen DEFINITION 103 A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide or radiation, that is an agent directly involved in the exacerbation of cancer or in the increase of its propagation. TERM 104 ames test DEFINITION 104 The Ames test is a biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds. devised by microbiologist Bruce Ames TERM 105 DNA structure DEFINITION 105 The structure of DNA shows a variety of forms, both double- stranded and single-stranded. T always bonds to A C always bonds to G asymmetrical 5' end has phosphate 3' end doesn't antiparallel - coils TERM 106 genes DEFINITION 106 A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. have eternal life eukaryotes don't basic unit of heredity TERM 107 bacterial genome DEFINITION 107 round TERM 108 eukaryotic prokaryotic DEFINITION 108 euk - linear pro - circular TERM 109 alleles DEFINITION 109 2 identical - one dominant & one recessive different information 2 same locus TERM 110 DNA DEFINITION 110 Deoxyribonucleic acid () (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. most selfish molecule lot of energy (protein) needed for DNA to replicate protein allows you to acquire energy (carbon) TERM 121 budding DEFINITION 121 cell division in yeast TERM 122 How many phases are in bacterial growth curve? DEFINITION 122 four lag, log, stationary, death (decline) TERM 123 Lag phase DEFINITION 123 characterized by cells increasing in size TERM 124 In which phase do cell population numbers remain static? DEFINITION 124 stationary TERM 125 most of the bacteria that cause disease in humans are: DEFINITION 125 neutrophiles TERM 126 an organism that prefers high concentrations of carbon dioxide DEFINITION 126 capnophile TERM 127 Can tolerate the presence of oxygen but does not use it DEFINITION 127 aerotolerant anaerobe TERM 128 enzyme responsible for the breakdown of peroxide to water and oxygen DEFINITION 128 catalase TERM 129 requires high salt concentrations for growth DEFINITION 129 halophile TERM 130 bacteria that are difficult to cultivate due to special nutritional needs DEFINITION 130 fastidious TERM 131 process of an endospore becoming a vegetative bacterium DEFINITION 131 germination TERM 132 spore coat is composed primarily of DEFINITION 132 protein TERM 133 MacConkey agar is DEFINITION 133 selective and differential TERM 134 a culture that has been freeze-dried is DEFINITION 134 lyophilized TERM 135 culture media that allows some microbes to grow but suppresses others is DEFINITION 135 selective media TERM 146 these do fine with or without oxygen ex. Staph or E. Coli DEFINITION 146 facultative anaerobe TERM 147 example of hydrostatic pressure DEFINITION 147 bottom of ocean TERM 148 example of osmotic pressure DEFINITION 148 honey protects food from harm TERM 149 kills microorganisms DEFINITION 149 radiation TERM 150 all organic material require DEFINITION 150 carbon source TERM 151 all amino acids require DEFINITION 151 nitrogen TERM 152 doesn't need vitamins DEFINITION 152 E. Coli TERM 153 kind and number of enzymes DEFINITION 153 nutrition complexity TERM 154 lives outside - produced by Gram - DEFINITION 154 extracellular TERM 155 inside cell DEFINITION 155 cytoplasmic TERM 156 isolates colonies of mixed bacteria DEFINITION 156 streak-plate TERM 157 contains nutrients that allow growth of a particular organism that might not otherwise be present in sufficient numbers to allow isolation & ID DEFINITION 157 enrichment medium TERM 158 put in liquid nitrogen "freeze-drying" (lyophilization) DEFINITION 158 preserve culture TERM 159 transmission of info from organism to offspring DEFINITION 159 heredity TERM 160 threadlike molecule of DNA highly stable linear in eukaryotes circular in prokaryotes DEFINITION 160 chromosome TERM 171 Ribose doesn't have hydroxyl (uracil DEFINITION 171 DNA TERM 172 Ribose has hydroxyl (uracil) DEFINITION 172 RNA TERM 173 drops diphosphate for phosphate to join DEFINITION 173 DNA elongation TERM 174 DNA must DEFINITION 174 have preexisting nucleotide end (3') must follow template can't randomly join TERM 175 two hydrogen bonds DEFINITION 175 AT TERM 176 three bonds DEFINITION 176 GC TERM 177 temporarily bonds DEFINITION 177 primer RNA TERM 178 continuous strand DEFINITION 178 replciation fork TERM 179 one strand of DNA goes to each daughter cell DEFINITION 179 DNA replciation TERM 180 leading strand synthesis DEFINITION 180 continuous strand TERM 181 complimentary strand not continuous DEFINITION 181 lagging strand synthesis TERM 182 fills gaps in lagging strand DEFINITION 182 DNA Ligase TERM 183 only extend from 3' end of DNA DEFINITION 183 polar TERM 184 incorporates RNA in template instead of DNA DEFINITION 184 RNA Polymerase TERM 185 AT allows protein to bond DEFINITION 185 Promoter sequences TATA or ATAT TERM 196 every gene begins with ___ DEFINITION 196 AUG - Methionine TERM 197 used as a signal DEFINITION 197 nonsense codon TERM 198 anticodons DEFINITION 198 AAA - UUU UGU - ACA UGG - ACC no anticodon for stop codon TERM 199 name the stop codons DEFINITION 199 UAA UAG UGA TERM 200 genetic code DEFINITION 200 increments of three TERM 201 bind with 3 amino acids in cytoplasm has anticodons 2 of these join together to form peptide bond & amino acid links DEFINITION 201 tRNA anticodons TERM 202 are ribosomes, mRNAs, & tRNAs reusable? DEFINITION 202 yes TERM 203 shuttle back and forth picking up amino acids in cytoplasm and bringing to ribosome, where amino acids are incorporated into protein DEFINITION 203 tRNAs TERM 204 end product of a biosynthetic pathway directly inhibits 1st enzyme also binds & changes shape of protein DEFINITION 204 feedback inhibition TERM 205 controls breakdown DEFINITION 205 enzyme induction TERM 206 not all genes have operator DEFINITION 206 regulation TERM 207 biosynthetic and uses energy DEFINITION 207 anabolic TERM 208 end product DEFINITION 208 tryptophan TERM 209 operon "off" (repressed) bacteria won't make genes to produce protein DEFINITION 209 lactose absent TERM 210 degradational & releases energy type of pathway DEFINITION 210 catabolic TERM 221 humans will change noticeably every ___ years DEFINITION 221 500 TERM 222 affect only skin of humans b/c rays lack energy for deeper penetration, but have significant effects on microorganisms DEFINITION 222 UV Rays also used in hospitals to kill airborne bacteria TERM 223 occurs in presence of visible light in bacteria previously exposed to UV light DEFINITION 223 light repair TERM 224 fluctuation test designed by Salvador Luria & Max Delbruck in 1943 DEFINITION 224 If mutations that confer resistance occur spontaneously and at random, we expect great fluctuation in number of resistant organisms per culture among a large number of cultures. TERM 225 random mutation + natural selection DEFINITION 225 changes & evolution TERM 226 increase the rate of mutation DEFINITION 226 mutagens TERM 227 Ames test by Bruce Ames DEFINITION 227 used to test whether substances induce mutations in certain strands of salmonella (auxotrophs) that have lost their ability to synthesize the amino acid histidine TERM 228 Bacteria have ___ as their genetic material. DEFINITION 228 DNA TERM 229 Which base is not in DNA? DEFINITION 229 uracil TERM 230 The first bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced was ___. DEFINITION 230 Haemophilus influenzae TERM 231 The process of reverse transcription creates _____. DEFINITION 231 DNA from RNA TERM 232 During DNA replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides ___. DEFINITION 232 to the 3' end of the growing strand TERM 233 During DNA replication, the new strand has a sequence ___ to the strand being copied. DEFINITION 233 complementary TERM 234 DNA replication is termed ____. DEFINITION 234 semiconservative TERM 235 The enzyme responsible for transcription is called ____. DEFINITION 235 RNA polymerase TERM 246 Name what can induce mutations. DEFINITION 246 base analogs ionizing radiation UV radiation TERM 247 The Ames test is to test ___. DEFINITION 247 whether or not a chemical is mutgenic. TERM 248 What requires competence factor, changes certain characteristics of an organism, depending on which genes are transferred. DEFINITION 248 transformation TERM 249 transfer is affected by bacteriophage DEFINITION 249 transduction TERM 250 only genes near prophage are transferred to another bacterium DEFINITION 250 specialized TERM 251 fragment of host bacterial DNA of variable length and number are packed into the head of a virus. DEFINITION 251 generalized TERM 252 transfer is affected by a plasmid DEFINITION 252 conjugation TERM 253 a single plasmid is transferred DEFINITION 253 F+ TERM 254 an initiating segment of a plasmid and a linear sequence of bacterial DNA that follows the initiating segment are transferred. DEFINITION 254 Hfr TERM 255 a plasmid and whatever bacterial genes adhere to it when it leaves a bacterium are transferred DEFINITION 255 F' TERM 256 refers to the movement of genetic info between organisms & is significant b/c it greatly increases genetic diversity of organisms DEFINITION 256 gene transfer TERM 257 type of gene transfer when bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission DEFINITION 257 vertical TERM 258 type of gene transfer when bacteria transfers genes to other microbes of the same generation DEFINITION 258 lateral (horizontal) TERM 259 group of identical cells descended from a single parent cell DEFINITION 259 clone TERM 260 significant because it contributes to genetic variation; increases genetic diversity DEFINITION 260 conjugation TERM 271 small extrachromosomal DNA molecules DEFINITION 271 plasmids TERM 272 fertility plasmids sex virus DEFINITION 272 F plasmid TERM 273 can have antibiotic resistance DEFINITION 273 resistance plasmids TERM 274 cause disease signs & symptoms DEFINITION 274 virulence plasmids TERM 275 toxin & ___ are produced simultaneously DEFINITION 275 antitoxin TERM 276 can cause tumor formation in plants DEFINITION 276 tumor-inducing plasmids TERM 277 transposable element that contains genes for transposition, and one or more other genes as well most insert between genes, not inside profiles are identical relatively rare & not easily detected in euaryotes easier to detect in bacteria DEFINITION 277 transposon TERM 278 DNA segments that shift from one part of the genome to another DEFINITION 278 transposons TERM 279 purposeful manipulation of genetic material to alter characteristics of an organism in a desired way DEFINITION 279 genetic engineering TERM 280 allows transposition of genes from one location on a chromosome to another DEFINITION 280 genetic fusions can also involve deletion of a DNA segment, resulting in the coupling of two operons TERM 281 accomplished by enzymatically removing cell walls of organism of two strains and mixing the resulting protoplast DEFINITION 281 protoplast fusion TERM 282 organism without cell wall allows fusion of the cells & their genetic material occurs in as many as 1 in 5 cells works best between strains of the same species DEFINITION 282 protoplast TERM 283 a process by which plasmids, or in some cases bacteriophages, are induced to reproduce within cells at a rapid rate DEFINITION 283 gene amplification TERM 284 The process of reverse transcription creates ___. DEFINITION 284 DNA from RNA TERM 285 During DNA replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides ___. DEFINITION 285 to the 3' end of the growing strand TERM 296 The process of genetic sequence moving from one site to another on a chromosome or plasmid is called DEFINITION 296 transposition TERM 297 Mobile genetic elements capable of transposition are termed DEFINITION 297 transposons TERM 298 A bacteriocin is DEFINITION 298 a plasmid that codes for bacteriocins TERM 299 Gene amplification is a process by which ___ are induced to rapidly replicate within a cell. DEFINITION 299 plasmids TERM 300 In vitro manipulation refers to the handling of DNA DEFINITION 300 inside a test tube TERM 301 A cloning vector can be DEFINITION 301 a plasmid or a bacteriophage TERM 302 In 1982, recombinant ____ received approval from the FDA, and is now used to treat diabetes. DEFINITION 302 insulin TERM 303 The toxin produced by ___ is an effective insecticide. DEFINITION 303 Bacillus thuringiensis TERM 304 A hybridoma is created by fusing a ___ with a ___. DEFINITION 304 myeloma cell, plasma cell TERM 305 Hybridomas are used to create DEFINITION 305 monoclonal antibodies TERM 306 Genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida has been used for DEFINITION 306 oil degradation TERM 307 A protoplast is a bacterium which has had its ___ removed. DEFINITION 307 cell wall TERM 308 What is the science of classification? DEFINITION 308 taxonomy TERM 309 Who founded taxonomy? DEFINITION 309 Carolus Linnaeus TERM 310 What is the system used to name all things? DEFINITION 310 binomial nomenclature TERM 321 numerical taxonomy DEFINITION 321 based on idea that increase number of characteristics of organisms increase the accuracy we can detect the similarities TERM 322 genetic homology DEFINITION 322 similarity of DNA among organisms TERM 323 Immunology DEFINITION 323 reactions used to identify and study surface structures & composition of microorganisms TERM 324 phage typing DEFINITION 324 involves use of bacteriophages to determine similarities among different bacteria TERM 325 Bergey's manuals DEFINITION 325 the accepted reference to identify bacteria TERM 326 the highest taxonomic group is called a DEFINITION 326 domain TERM 327 a dichotomous key DEFINITION 327 is used to identify organisms uses paired statements describing characteristics of organisms can be used to identify an organism down to the strain level TERM 328 using the five kingdom system, the blue- green algae (cyanobacteria) are placed in what kingdom? DEFINITION 328 Monera (Prokaryotae) TERM 329 Unicellular organisms are found in all of the following kingdoms except DEFINITION 329 plantae TERM 330 characteristics of the members of the Kingdom Animalia DEFINITION 330 eukaryotic sexual reproduction obtain nutrient by ingestion TERM 331 The "shrub of life" reflects current understanding that DEFINITION 331 life arose from many different primitive cells TERM 332 uses to classify prokaryotes DEFINITION 332 metabolic reactions morphology DNA sequence TERM 333 biochemical tests used to identify bacteria DEFINITION 333 starch hydrolysis sugar fermentation nitrate reduction TERM 334 Classification of bacteria by evolutionary relationships has been hampered by DEFINITION 334 incomplete fossil record TERM 335 A ____ is a subgroup of a species. DEFINITION 335 strain TERM 346 what protects genetic material in a virus DEFINITION 346 capsid TERM 347 how do viruses multiply DEFINITION 347 inside a living host cell TERM 348 comprises viral genome together with capsid DEFINITION 348 nucleocapsid TERM 349 have nucleocapsid but no envelope DEFINITION 349 naked or nonenveloped TERM 350 causes various types of red blood cells to clump DEFINITION 350 H - hemagglutinate TERM 351 consists of a ribbonlike protein that forms a spiral around that forms a spiral around nucleic acid DEFINITION 351 helical capsid TERM 352 polyhedral DEFINITION 352 many sides TERM 353 icosahedral DEFINITION 353 20 triangular faces TERM 354 spectrum of hosts that a virus can affect is called what DEFINITION 354 host range TERM 355 specific kinds of cells a virus can affect is called DEFINITION 355 specificity TERM 356 incapable of reproduction DEFINITION 356 free viruses TERM 357 RNA chromosomal arrangements + strand - strand DEFINITION 357 + genetic material acts like mRNA - carry extra enzyme and act like polymerase TERM 358 Name the + sense RNA viruses DEFINITION 358 picornaviridae - polio togaviridae - rubella flaviviridae - yellow fever retroviridae - AIDS TERM 359 name the - sense viruses DEFINITION 359 paramyxoviridae - measle rhabdoviridae - rabies orthomyxoviridae - Influenza A & B Filoviridae - ebola bunyaviridae - hantavirus TERM 360 double stranded viruses DEFINITION 360 reoviridae - respiratory and gastrointestinal infections replicate in cytoplasm and form distinctive inclusions that stain with eosin rotavirus - diarrhea under age 2 minor upper respiratory and GI infections in adults TERM 371 bacteriophages are protected by DEFINITION 371 peptidoglycan TERM 372 plaque DEFINITION 372 represent areas where viruses have lysed host celles TERM 373 DNA viruses DEFINITION 373 must get to nucleus create mRNA and secrete out released with envelope TERM 374 RNA viruses DEFINITION 374 released with or without envelope TERM 375 latent viruses DEFINITION 375 lytic virus don't kill cell slowly breaks down ex cold sore TERM 376 how is influenza grown DEFINITION 376 in embryonated chicken eggs TERM 377 primary cell culture DEFINITION 377 come directly from animal, not subcultured mutations occur and turn into continuous cell cultures TERM 378 continuous cell culture DEFINITION 378 consists of cells that will reproduce for an extended number of generations TERM 379 cytopathy DEFINITION 379 visible effect viruses have on cells loss of cell-contact inhibition fused cells (syncytia) - giant, multinucleate cell death TERM 380 teratogenic effects DEFINITION 380 induction of effects during embryonic development drug or other agent that induces such effects some can be transmitted across placenta and infect fetus herpes simplex types 1 and 2 rubella TERM 381 must disrupt host cell metabolism in some way DEFINITION 381 viroids it is unclear how they cause disease TERM 382 example of prions DEFINITION 382 alzheimers TERM 383 neoplasm DEFINITION 383 tumor TERM 384 an uncontrolled invasive growth of abnormal cells that divide repeatedly DEFINITION 384 cancer TERM 385 noncancerous DEFINITION 385 benign TERM 396 what is a characteristic of animal viruses and not bacteriophages? DEFINITION 396 attachment of viruses to host receptor protein TERM 397 the genomic RNA may be immediately translated after uncoating DEFINITION 397 (+) sense RNA viruses TERM 398 A double-stranded DNA virus produces enzymes and proteins necessary for viral DNA replication during ____. DEFINITION 398 early transcription TERM 399 a continuous cell line consists of cells that DEFINITION 399 will reproduce for an extended number of generations TERM 400 what represents a cytopathic efect due to paramyxovirus infection DEFINITION 400 cell fusion to form synctytia TERM 401 what does not have a teratogenic effect DEFINITION 401 influenzavirus TERM 402 viroids DEFINITION 402 are composed only of protein infect mammals are believed to cause CJD in humans TERM 403 oncogenes DEFINITION 403 oncogene product disrupts normal cell division functions cause neoplastic transformation of host cells often contain deletions or mutations TERM 404 plaque assay DEFINITION 404 different viruses produce different plaque morphology the phage and a susceptible bacteria are grown together clear areas called plaques are used to detect the presence of a virus TERM 405 name a consequence of lysogenic conversion DEFINITION 405 prevents infection by same type of virus TERM 406 Herpesviridae family members show the property of latency, meaning that DEFINITION 406 the chromosome can act as a provirus and retain the ability to replicate TERM 407 papovaviridae DEFINITION 407 include viruses that may cause genital warts