Microbiology Study Guide – Exam #2, Study notes of Microbiology

Download Microbiology Study Guide – Exam #2 and more Study notes Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! Microbiology 20 Study Guide – Exam #2 This is a list of general topics you should be prepared to answer questions on for each chapter. This guide is NOT what you should study but a guide to help organize your studying of the material listed. Your actual studying should involve the textbook, Powerpoint slides, your notes and other supplemental material such as Labster. Keep in mind that you will not be tested on material in the book that was not covered in class, and should know all of the key terms at the end of the Powerpoint slides for each chapter. Most important, if you have trouble understanding anything, come office hours or see a tutor ASAP. Once you feel like you understand the material in a given chapter, be sure to test yourself using the chapter questions, the sample questions on this study guide, or coming up with your own. By taking advantage of the available resources, I’m sure you can do well on the exam. Chapter 5 (The Eukaryotes of Microbiology – not including amoebas, apicomplexans, ciliates) • the Protozoa (from Excavata on): o examples and characteristics of each phylum o indicated human pathogens and the diseases they cause o types of motility observed in protozoa o life cycle of Plasmodium o conjugation in ciliates • the Helminths – Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) and Roundworms (Nematodes) o Platyhelminthes – general characteristics, life cycle of tapeworms o Nematodes – general characteristics, life cycle of pinworms • general characteristics The Fungi o general characteristics and structural features o asexual vs sexual reproduction o structural characteristics and asexual, sexual reproduction in each phylum o importance of budding yeasts for food production, biological research and production of recombinant proteins for the biotechnology industry o examples of fungal pathogens • the Algae – general characteristics, examples, ecological roles • general structure and ecological importance of lichens sample questions: 1. Describe the basic structure of a typical mold. 2. Indicate the general process of sexual reproduction in fungi Chapter 8 (Microbial Metabolism) • the concept of metabolic pathways, also endergonic vs exergonic, catabolic vs anabolic • how enzymes catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions, activation energy • factors that affect enzyme activity – pH, temperature, substrate concentration o the concept of denaturation of proteins • enzyme regulation/inhibition (competitive, allosteric, feedback) • basic structure of ATP (ribose, adenine, 3 phosphates), why it is a good energy source in cells • the basic process and products of glycolysis • oxidation/reduction, substrate-level phosphorylation • basic process, products of each stage of respiration o Krebs cycle o electron transport o chemiosmosis • the roles of the following in respiration: o electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) o electron transport o H+ gradient • The catabolism of lipids and proteins and how each enter the process of cellular respiration • difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration • the basic process, purpose and various products of fermentation sample questions: 1. Compare ATP production in fermentation vs respiration. 2. Describe how feedback inhibition would work to allosterically inhibit a metabolic pathway. Chapter 9 (Microbial Growth) • concepts of bacterial growth: binary fission, generation time, exponential growth • phases of microbial growth: lag, log, stationary, death phases • characteristics and formation of biofilms • methods of determining cell density and the advantages & disadvantages of each o serial dilution § concept of a colony forming unit (CFU) § how to calculate CFU/ml o filtration o direct microscopic counts using a counting chamber slide § calculate cells/ml given that volume over big square is 10-4/ml o spectrophotometry § calculating cells/ml when provided OD600 value, conversion factor of 8 x 10 8 cells/ml • the effects of temperature, pH, osmotic pressure on microbial growth • characterize organisms based on the temperature range in which growth occurs • why oxygen can be harmful to organisms, o the reactive oxygen species derived from oxygen o enzymes organisms produce to protect themselves from these o how to interpret growth in thioglycolate medium • how to culture obligate anaerobes • chemical nutrients needed for microbial growth • general types of growth media and the purpose of each o complex vs defined media o selective vs differential media sample questions: 1. How does osmotic pressure restrict microbial growth? 2. What is the culture density (in CFU/ml) if 0.1 ml of a 1/100,000 dilution yields 78 colonies? 3. What is quorum sensing with regard to biofilm formation?