Microbiology - Study Guide for Exam II | BIOL 2230, Study notes of Microbiology

Download Microbiology - Study Guide for Exam II | BIOL 2230 and more Study notes Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! 1/01 MICROBIOLOGY EXAM I STUDY GUIDE 1. Define: microbiology, virology, mycology, parasitology, protozoology, phycology, immunology, epidemiology, etiology, pathology. 2. List several reasons the study of microbiology is important. 3. List early microbiologists and briefly describe their contributions to the development of the field of microbiology. 4. Describe/explain each of the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Give examples of each type. 5. Name the 6 kingdoms of classification. List the general characteristics and examples of microorganisms in each kingdom. In which kingdoms are the eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms classified? In which kingdom are viruses classified? 6. Describe scientific nomenclature. How should a scientific name be properly written? What type characteristics can a scientific name indicate about an organism? 7. What is a bacterial colony? How does the appearance of bacterial colonies produced by different bacteria vary? 8. In what unit are bacteria measured? What is the average cell size of bacteria? 9. Describe three cell shapes. How does each cell shape and their arrangement vary? 10. Structure of the bacterial cell: identify parts of the cell from a drawing, describe function each part, describe chemical composition each part. 11. Describe/explain the chemical structure of murein and how the structure relates to its function. Describe the differences in the structure of the cell walls of Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and acid fast bacteria. 12. Describe the structure/properties of phospholipids. Describe the bilayered structure of the cell membrane and how the structure relates to its function. How do nutrients/wastes move across the cell membrane? 13. How do bacteria reproduce? Is this process asexual or sexual? Describe this process (in detail). Define generation time. What is average bacterial generation time? 14. How is bacterial growth expressed? Draw the bacterial growth curve. How is it derived? Identify the phases. Describe ( in detail) the activities in each phase. Why study the growth curve? 1 1/01 15. Temperature requirements: How does temperature affect bacterial growth? Define optimum. Define mesophiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles. Where might you find these organisms growing? 16. Describe pH requirements for bacterial growth: optimum pH, neutrophile, acidophile, alkalinophiles. Where might you find these organisms growing? How does excess acid or alkaline pH affect the rate of bacterial growth? 17. Oxygen requirements: define aerobes, anaerobes, facultative, microaerophilic. Why is oxygen required for growth? 18. Why is H2O required for growth? How does an increase in osmolarity affect bacterial growth? Of what practical use is this? Define halophiles. 19. How does light (UV, radiation) affect bacterial growth? Do any bacteria require light for growth? Describe a practical application involving the use of UV light/radiation. 20.. List basic nutritional requirements of bacteria. How do bacteria obtain their nutrients? Define: autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes, parasites. 21. Describe the characteristics of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids. 22. Define: metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, pathway. 23. Briefly describe the two metabolic pathways: photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. Define: photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs. 24. Describe/explain each of the characteristics (properties) of enzymes. Describe their importance. What is enzyme specificity? What determines their specific action? How are they classified, named? 25. Define: exoenzymes, endoenzymes, coenzymes, cofactors. 26. Energy: how is it produced (define oxidation-reduction)? How is it stored? Describe the structure of ATP. Where is the energy stored in this molecule? How is it released/replaced? 27. Embden Meyerhoff pathway: compound metabolized in this pathway; oxygen requirements; how much ATP required; H+ removed and transferred to ________; end products produced; how much ATP produced; net gain ATP. 28. Fermentation: oxygen requirements; compounds that enter this pathway; H+ transferred to ?; end products produced; ATP produced. 29. Aerobic respiration: oxygen requirements; two pathways: A. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle): series of cyclic reactions; compounds that enter this pathway; ATP produced; H+ ions removed  coenzymes  electron transport chain. 2 1/01 18. Describe the structure of the capsid and explain how it determines the shape of the virus. Describe/identify 3 different viral shapes. 19. In what units are viruses measured? What is their average size? 20. Why are viruses obligate intracellular parasites? 21. Describe (in detail) the steps involved in the replication of animal viruses. How is the replication of DNA and RNA animal viruses different? Describe the Retroviruses and how they replicate. 22. What limits viral adsorption to a specific type cell? 23. Describe two ways mature virus particles are released from host cells. 24. How does replication of the bacteriophage differ from replication of the animal viruses? 25. What is a provirus? Describe (in detail) lysogeny in animal cells - include the 4 characteristics associated with lysogeny occurring in animal cells. 26. How (discuss in detail) are recurrent infections produced? Give examples. 27. How (discuss in detail) is transformation (neoplasms) produced? What are oncogenes? 28. What is a prophage? Describe how lysogeny occurs in bacteria. Describe lysogenic conversion (in bacteria)? What is its medical significance? 29. What is antigenic drift in viruses? What is the medical significance? 30. What are attenuated strains? How are they produced? Name a practical application. 31. What is viral teratogenesis? Give examples. 32. Describe types of diseases produced by viruses. Give examples. What are prions? What type disease do prions produce? 33. List 3 methods of viral cultivation. 34. Name a common use of lab animals. 35. What is a cell line? Briefly describe the preparation of tissue cultures. What is CPE? Describe types of CPE that indicate viral growth in tissue cultures. 36. Name the sites of viral growth in an embryonated egg. How is an embryonated egg inoculated? How is viral growth detected in eggs? Name an important application of viral cultures grown in eggs. 5 1/01 37. What criteria is used to group (“classify”) viruses? In what kingdom are viruses classified? Describe system of scientific nomenclature used to name viruses. 38. Define (describe) normal flora, resident flora, transient flora, commensalism (commensals), mutualism and opportunistic (opportunists). 38. Define pathogens and carriers. 40. When and how does our normal flora become established? Under normal conditions, which areas of the body possess a normal flora; which areas should remain free of normal flora? 41. Define microbial invasiveness. 42. Describe the factors that influence an organism’s invasiveness (ability to produce disease). 43. Define virulence. Describe the invasive mechanisms that determine a bacterium's ability to produce disease (its virulence); viruses; fungi; protozoans; helminths. MICROBIOLOGY EXAM III STUDY GUIDE 6 1/01 1. Define resistance, susceptibility, nonspecific resistance, specific resistance. 2. Describe 3 factors that influence natural (inherited) non-specific resistance. 3. Describe the non-specific chemical and mechanical (physical) barriers in the following areas of the body: skin, mucous membranes, respiratory epithelium, eyes, ears, digestive tract, urinary tract, reproductive organs, CNS, circulatory system. 4. What is interferon? Describe how and under what conditions it is produced. How does it act to protect host cells? What is meant by: viral specific, non-specific in action, species specific? How does aspirin affect the production of interferon? 5. Describe the complement system/complement cascade. How is it activated? What are the effects following activation? 6. Describe (in detail) 4 steps of phagocytosis. Describe two types of host cells that are phagocytes and the areas of the host in which they occur. What is the reticuloendothelial system (RES)? Which cells die following phagocytosis? 7. Name 3 functions of the inflammatory response. Describe in detail the sequence of events occurring during the inflammatory response. Describe all symptoms that accompany this response and why they occur. 8. How does fever protect the host? What area of the body controls body temperature? What substances affect this area? 9. Name and briefly describe two types of specific resistance (immunity). 10. Define antigens. List and describe the characteristics of antigens. Give some examples of each of the 3 types of antigens. Define hapten. 11. List and describe the cells responsible for the development of specific resistance (immunity). 12. Define antibodies. List and describe the characteristics of antibodies. 13. Draw an antibody molecule and label its parts: light chains, heavy chains, antigen-combining sites, disulfide bridges, variable regions, constant regions, complement binding sites, hinge. 14. List and describe 5 classes antibody based on structure of the constant region and their function. 15. What type antigens stimulate production of antibodies? Describe all cells involved and the sequence of events in antibody synthesis. What is a memory cell? How does it develop? What is its function? How much time does it take to produce an effective level of antibodies following primary exposure? Subsequent exposure? 7 1/01 B. Major contributors, their contributions to development of microbiology C. Theory of Spontaneous Generation D. Koch's postulates 2. Classification A. Kingdoms B. Eucaryotic, prokaryotic cells C. Scientific nomenclature 3. Bacteria A. Morphology - cell shape, structures, function, composition (review figures on handout) B. Reproduction, growth curve C. Requirements for growth D. ATP: structure, function E. Metabolism - source nutrients; enzymes (characteristics, functions controls); production and storage of energy F. DNA-RNA: structure, function, genetic code, protein synthesis, mutation, operon, feedback inhibition G. Transformation, transduction, conjugation, genetic engineering H. Classification - characteristics used 4. Fungi: Molds, Yeasts A. Morphology - colony, cellular, structure, function, composition (review figures on handout) B. Reproduction, characteristics of spores C. Cultivation - requirements for growth D. Importance – medical (types of infections), industrial, ecological E. Classification - characteristics used 5. Protists (Algae, Protozoans) & Helminths A. General characteristics (see handout) B. Medical importance C. Classification 6. Viruses A. Structure, function, composition, shapes (review figures on handout) B. Obligate intracellular parasites - why? C. Replication – steps, sites - DNA, RNA viruses, Retroviruses, bacteriophage D. Lysogeny - provirus, characteristics of lysogeny, recurrent infections, transformation E. Cultivation – methods, indications of growth F. Mutations, Attenuation, Teratogenesis G. Classification - characteristics used 10 1/01 7. Normal Flora, Microbial Invasiveness A. Normal flora - define, where present B. Characteristics responsible for invasiveness, virulence (capsules, enzymes, toxins, lysogeny, mycotoxins, etc.) 8. Non-specific Resistance A. Define B. Defense barriers in body 9. Specific Immunity A. Define; types (humoral, cellular) B. Antigens, antibodies - description, characteristics, types, how react together C. Cells of the immune system and how they function D. Humoral immunity: production of antibodies, cells involved, anamnestic response, types antigens, lifetime immunity E. Types of immunity - active, passive; naturally and artificially acquired F. Vaccines, antiserums - types, uses G. Cellular immunity: antigens, route exposure, how develops, cells involved and products they produce, lifetime immunity H. Disorders of the immune system - autoimmunity, genetic defects, AIDS I. Immediate hypersensitivity - general characteristics, 3 types, how they develop, anaphylaxis K. Delayed hypersensitivity: general characteristics, how develops, cells involved and products they produce, types antigens, route exposure, types of reactions 10. Pathogens – see handout 11. Control Methods A. Sterilization, asepsis, disinfection, sanitization, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, disinfectant, antiseptic B. Methods utilizing heat (temperature, time, effect) C. Methods commonly used for preservation (effect on organisms) D. Gas sterilization - gases used, effect, uses, disadvantages E. Chemical agents - disinfectants & antiseptics: (1). Effects of chemical agents on microbes. (2). Factors that influence effectiveness. F. Chemotherapy with antimicrobial agents (1) Ideal criteria for antimicrobial agents (2) Competitive inhibition (3) Types interference - example (antibiotic) of each type 12. Laboratory A. Microscope - use, identify parts, calculate total magnification B. Media - types, uses Agar - characteristics of, use C. Cultivation - aseptic technique, isolation procedures D. Stains - types, principles, reactions (+ or -) E. Biochemical tests - for production specific enzymes 11