Midterm 1 - Clinical Psychology | PSYCH 448 - SMNR IN PSYCHOLOGY, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Midterm 1 - Clinical Psychology | PSYCH 448 - SMNR IN PSYCHOLOGY and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 What is Clinical Psychology? DEFINITION 1 - Definition based on specialized skills: 1) assessment and diagnosis 2) based on intervention and treatment 3) consultation serving as a consultant to a business 4) research 5) application of ethical/ professional principles very important- Definition based on basic characteristics: 1) Subfield of Psychology (clinical psychology is its own group) 2) Conduct research on behavior & mental processes 3) Assess & measure abilities/characteristics 4) Help distressed people TERM 2 Distinguishing feature of Clinical Psychology DEFINITION 2 - The Clinical Attitude an idiographic approach, we are looking within people, not looking across groups of people (perhaps more interested in the individual and whats going on with them)- in opposition to the nomothetic approach TERM 3 Nomothetic Approach DEFINITION 3 - more of an academic approach (rather than clinical) looks across groups of people and makes comparisons (studying groups of people conclusion based on research) TERM 4 Activities of Clinical Psychologists: Assessment DEFINITION 4 - Assessment = where you collect information about diverse people- 3 categories of clinical assessment:1. tests2. interviews3. observations of client behaviors BUT -> they are not mutually exclusive, they usually overlap (in a typical assessment you will use all three and you need to be trained in all of them) TERM 5 Activities of Clinical Psychologists: Treatment DEFINITION 5 - can be widely diverse- can vary by name, orientation, goals that the person may have (ex., long time change versus someone who just wants to get over one thing), duration, TERM 6 Activities of Clinical Psychologists: Research DEFINITION 6 A particular strength of clinical psychologists- Four reasons for importance:1. to be able to evaluate findings on treatment methods2. can critically evaluate ones own work3. can help service programs evaluate outcomes Program evaluation4. can supervise students and their research TERM 7 Activities of Clinical Psychologists: Teaching DEFINITION 7 - undergraduate teaching, graduate, or supervise training TERM 8 Activities of Clinical Psychologists: Consultation DEFINITION 8 - Tasks performed: Education of staff Advice on the best way to handle situations and events Provide direct services Personnel issues ex) problems with employees TERM 9 Activities of Clinical Psychologists: Administration DEFINITION 9 - clinical or hospital setting - manage or direct clinic operations TERM 10 Distribution of Functions DEFINITION 10 Most engage in 2 or more of the above (teaching, administration, consultation, research, treatment, assessment) (a profession with many choices) - BUT majority are involved in delivery services- According to the U.S. Dept. of Labor Statistics:o About 34% self employedo About 29% academic settingso About 20% health care settingso Remaining 17% are a combo- Employment projections for 2010-2020: need projected to increase by 22% TERM 21 Basic Historical Trends: The Clinical Tradition DEFINITION 21 - Early roots late 1800s/early 1900s reforms in the treatment of the mentally ill including what was known as humane treatments- Prominent figures: o Rush (restraining chair)o Tuke (established treatment settings)o Dix (helped mentally ill, reduced stigma)All related to the moral movement- Eventually led to theorists/therapists such as Pierre Janet (hypnosis) and Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis) -> both not well received at first TERM 22 Emergence of Clinical Psychology as an Applied Science: Influence of World Wars DEFINITION 22 - Testing recruits before going to war, to determine if they are suitable and intelligent enough After war combat fatigue or after WWII shell shock (same as PTSD)-the VA (veterans association) began training clinical psychologists for practice- after WWII became the field as we know it today TERM 23 The Psychodynamic Approach: Underlying Assumptions DEFINITION 23 1.All behavior is a product of unconscious motives/conflicts (no such thing as an accident, everything happens for a reason)2.Conflicts direct both normal & abnormal behaviors3.Foundations for behaviors are set in childhood (though you dont know this)4.Assessment, treatment and research should address these factors TERM 24 The Psychodynamic Approach: Freudian Psychoanalysis - Focus DEFINITION 24 1.Focus: All behaviors are unconsciously determined & represent the conflict between basic sexual/aggressive instincts & what society demands. TERM 25 The Psychodynamic Approach: Freudian Psychoanalysis - Mental Structures DEFINITION 25 2.Mental Structures: Id, Ego, Superego- Id only one present at birth, demands immediate gratification, operates on pleasure principle- Ego comes after the Id, where we develop the ability to delay gratification and operates on the reality principle- Superego internalization of morals, values, right/wrong (implicit)-Subsystems:oConscience part that punishes you internally for doing wrongoEgo-ideal praises for doing right*Clinical significance: (still in practice)- patient may have a stronger Id- over developed suger-ego- Defense Mechanisms distortions of reality to reduce anxiety*Clinical significance: becomes clinically significant when we engage in rigid or excessive defensive mechanisms (ex., when youre using it every day) TERM 26 The Psychodynamic Approach: Freudian Psychoanalysis - Developmental Stages DEFINITION 26 a. Oralb. Analc. Phallicd. Latencye. Genital*Clinical significance of psychosexual developmental stages: you can develop a fixation at one of the first three stages (your psychic energy gets stuck you have a finite amount of this) TERM 27 The Psychodynamic Approach: Neofreudian DEFINITION 27 - came after freud (several theorists)-Most individuals first studied under Freud1.Reasons for variations: - Less emphasis on the unconscious (different than subconscious which was used later, thought it was more accessible)- More emphasis on socio-cultural factors (Freud was big on instinct and this individuals expanded it, thought more about social environment deviated to look at the bigger picture)- Recognized that the development of your personality extends beyond childhood (over time your personality continues to develop, doesnt stop at 7) TERM 28 The Humanistic Approach DEFINITION 28 -Arose in opposition to the Psychodynamic approach (thought Freud was negative) believed that people are born good (we arent all hedonistic)- Focus: Behavior is the result of ones perceptions & experiences with the world.- Phenomenology The study of behavior through ones own subjective experiences.- Emphasis: is on the clients current experiences of reality (not what happened in the past)C. Client-Centered Approaches Carl Rogers (most prominent humanistic theorist) non-directive therapy (you dont direct it, its entirely up to the client)- Rogers major contribution o Empathic listeningo Unconditional positive regard (often incorporated into other therapies) TERM 29 The Behavioral Approach DEFINITION 29 - Arose out of the empirical tradition experiment- Focus: Observable & measurable behaviors- Emphases: Principles Classical & Operant conditioning- Treatment: Maladaptive behaviors can be unlearned or relearned to be more adaptive. (you just need to be taught how to react different to what your environment has taught you) TERM 30 The Cognitive Approach DEFINITION 30 -Arose from various other fields of research Mathematics, biology, artificial intelligence (e.g., computers) views human mind like a computer-Also a reaction to the Behavioral and psychodynamic- Focus: information processing and internal thoughts and beliefs- Emphasis: role of thoughts and beliefs as they lead to specific behaviors -- Prominent figures: Kelly, Beck, Ellis TERM 31 The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach DEFINITION 31 - Focus: Both thoughts & behaviors and their interactions- Emphasis: Thoughts affect behaviors & behaviors affect thoughts (a two-way interaction)- Commonalities: both emphasize empirical research when studying theory and practicing outcomes (evidence based practice) TERM 32 Group, Family, Marital & Systems Approaches DEFINITION 32 - Focus: (all of these) The social context of behaviors more interested in whats going on around the person, different view- Emphasis: the role that social relationships play in your behavior- Treatments: Focus on the group as the unit of treatment. (ex., your focus is on the couple or family)-Less emphasis on individual behavior-Groups act as systems change in one causes changes in the group and vice versa. TERM 33 Present Day Clinical Psychology: Eclectic Approach DEFINITION 33 - majority of clinicians report using an eclectic approach- a combination or integration of two or more of the above-Instead of insisting upon strict adherence to one particular approach or school of thought, eclectic therapists employ elements from a range of therapeutic techniques, with the goal of establishing a course that is personally tailored to the patient or client. TERM 34 Present Day Clinical Psychology - Attempts to Blend Science & Practice DEFINITION 34 - difficulties as discussed before in the scientist-practitioner gap TERM 35 Present Day Clinical Psychology - Importance of Socio-Cultural Changes DEFINITION 35 - e.g., Increases in diversity & need for accommodating that ??- Diversity includes ethnicity, people with disabilities, sexual orientation and people from various other cultures TERM 46 Psychotherapy - The Therapeutic Relationship DEFINITION 46 - Rapport: A strong meaningful relationship between the therapist and client. (means something to both parties) TERM 47 Psychotherapy - The Therapeutic Alliance DEFINITION 47 - (AKA Rapport)a. Two dimensions:- Emotional bonds between therapist/client- Shared understanding of tasks/goals youre on the same pageb. Alliance is strongest when there is:- Role investment on the part of both client and therapist, you need to be able to make that commitment- Empathic resonance (both on the same page)- Mutual affirmation (both respect and care for one another)c. Importance of the alliance:- Meta-analyses found that the relationship between the nature of the alliance & outcomes was stronger than between specific techniques and outcomes TERM 48 The Settings for Psychotherapy DEFINITION 48 1. Outpatient Therapists office most common setting- Private toward confidentiality- Not distracting pleasant but neutral (no crazy artwork), avoid calls and fax machine- Comfortable- Sit at same level as client communicates respect2.Inpatient Hospitals, rehab centers, prisons, jails, etc. (ex, western state mental hospital) TERM 49 The Goals of Intervention DEFINITION 49 1. Reduce discomfort & distress2. to foster insight on the part of the client3. Encourage catharsis or self-expression 4. provide new information (in a teaching role)5. Assign outside tasks to keep them on track (for generalization & continuity)*6. Most important!! to develop a hope and expectation for change -> positive effects almost like a - Placebo Effect when expectation of getting better is healing or theraputic - make them believe they are going to feel better even changes your body physiologically powerful helpful effect TERM 50 Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Interventions - General Principles DEFINITION 50 1) Beneficence & nonmaleficence2) Fidelity and responsibility3) Integrity4) Justice5) respect for people's rights and dignity TERM 51 Ethical Guidelines - Beneficence & Nonmaleficence DEFINITION 51 - to do good and avoid doing harm TERM 52 Ethical Guidelines - Fidelity & Responsibility DEFINITION 52 -Be faithful & true to responsibilities to clients-Make sure doing the best by your client-Enhance trust (lack of trust shuts the door on just about everything) TERM 53 Ethical Guidelines - Integrity DEFINITION 53 - to be completely honest and forthright, truthful- don't use deceptive means in any situation - be as open and real and genuine as possible TERM 54 Ethical Guidelines - Justice DEFINITION 54 - treat all clients fairly; respecting needs/ differences- stay within the boundaries of levels of competence TERM 55 Ethical Guidelines - Respect for people's rights & dignity DEFINITION 55 - at the very heart of the ethical principles- Includes privacy & confidentiality TERM 56 Ethical Standards DEFINITION 56 - 10 headings-Covering from Competence to Record Keeping to Teaching to Assessment - with subsections (what do you do with the records? go into a locked cabinet and state how long you will keep it until you destroy it) TERM 57 Four Horsemen of Professional Ethics DEFINITION 57 - Sperry, 20071. confidentiality2. competence3. informed consent4. conflict of interest TERM 58 What is clinical assessment? DEFINITION 58 A.Process of collecting information to make informed decisions.B.Process of evaluating the characteristics, strengths, & weaknesses of an individual.C.Steps: Referral question, planning, conducting, evaluating, reporting. TERM 59 Referral Question DEFINITION 59 - first step in clinical assessment- what do you want to know? - determines what you assess and how TERM 60 Planning the Assessment - Choice of Assessments - Determinants DEFINITION 60 1.Bandwidth-Fidelitya.Bandwidth breadth of the assessmentBroad bandwidth = A little info. about many facets/topics- ex) like 101 or survey classes (just touches the tip of every iceberg), MMPIb. Fidelity intensity or level of detailHigh fidelity = A lot of detailed info. about fewer facets/topics-ex) difference between psych 101 and a seminar class, BDI (Beck depression inventory used to measure depression)*They are inversely related Broader bandwidth -> relates to lower fidelity and Higher fidelity -> a narrower bandwidth TERM 71 Goals of Assessment - Classification DEFINITION 71 to establish a psychodiagnosis or establish a diagnosis conceptualize the case with the DSM (more than just assigning a label, getting a sense of where this person is coming from) TERM 72 Goals of Assessment - Description DEFINITION 72 Describe the indiv. & their behav. in further detail- Content & context is important want to know about the behavior but also in what circumstances we see that behavior does it occur mostly at home? Or is it across the board? TERM 73 Goals of Assessment - Treatment Planning DEFINITION 73 - Know what to treat & how to approach it.- Often determined by your orientation or perspective TERM 74 Goals of Assessment - Prediction DEFINITION 74 - To be able to predict future behaviors- e.g., prognosis, future performance, dangerousness- prognosis = your projecting outcome, how well will they do*Important: must be familiar with the research on that population, research on risk factors toward prediction (ex., important to know the risk factors for someone with suicidal tendencies do they have a method in mind? Do they have the means to carry it out? Have they been abusing substances?) TERM 75 Conducting the Assessment - 4 Main Sources of Data DEFINITION 75 1. Interviews (very convenient, frequently used, you get other information than just what youve asked them)2. Observations ex., observe them in the waiting room3. Tests4. case history life records, TERM 76 Best Assessment Strategy DEFINITION 76 - combination of any or all of the above the more sources of assessment the better TERM 77 Evaluating the Assessment -> Actuarial Judgement DEFINITION 77 -Actuarial Use research-based formulas very cut and dry, if they answer this way it means this - Levels of abstraction: Making inferences based on gathered data - Low take data at face value more actuarial - High (level of abstraction) using more of you personal judgment (more clinical) TERM 78 Evaluating the Assessment - Clinical Judgement DEFINITION 78 -Clinical use personal judgment based on experience and or intuition- In general, studies do not support any superiority of clinical over actuarial judgment when making predictions.- Much controversy over this nature of conducted studies? -> lean towards actuarial TERM 79 3 Views of Assessment Data DEFINITION 79 - samples- correlates- signs TERM 80 Samples DEFINITION 80 Behavior is a sample of what client is capable of.- based on observations ex., someone makes a suicide attempt (sample of what the client is capable of) (low level of abstraction, you are just taking it for face value) TERM 81 Correlates DEFINITION 81 - Can infer other related behaviors based on empirically established relationships.- ex., suicide attempt -> look at it as a correlate and then we see that it is often associated with depression (higher level of abstraction, even though it is based on scientific data TERM 82 Signs DEFINITION 82 - Behavior is a sign of less obvious characteristics.- ex., suicide attempt might believe the person is turning some sort of anger inwards (very high level of abstraction you are assuming a lot, it is less obvious, not measurable)*Issue: should we all go to actuarial judgment? (it is objective, doesnt require that much inference but at the same time standardized assessments might miss important things) TERM 83 Availability Bias DEFINITION 83 - Clinicians & Inferences - Potential Problem-you become biased by virtue of the effects of recent and/or remarkable experiences -> ex., ADHD- mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. TERM 84 Anchoring Bias DEFINITION 84 Establish views on 1st few pieces of information -> ex., client comes in crying and so you automatically think sad -> depression and base your treatment plan on that (may view a client more negatively because of this) first impressions are important- a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered when making decisions. TERM 85 Confirmation Bias DEFINITION 85 - any new information you now receive confirms your first impressions (construe any new information to fit your first impressions)- is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses, while giving disproportionately less consideration to alternative possibilities.