Geology 101: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Geology

Download Geology 101: Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Geology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 founder of modern geology DEFINITION 1 james hutton TERM 2 glossopteris DEFINITION 2 seed fern TERM 3 van der walls bonds DEFINITION 3 wen all electrons are on one side n therefore protons r exposed-attracting other electrons TERM 4 properties of minerals DEFINITION 4 color, hardness, cleavage, crystal form, streak, luster,n fracture specific gravity TERM 5 Felsic DEFINITION 5 more that 65% silica content lowest density, melting pt, n tendency to form lava highest viscosity and tendency 2 form pyroclastics cannot melt overlying basalt TERM 6 intermediate DEFINITION 6 50-65% silica content TERM 7 Mafic DEFINITION 7 less than 50% silica content highest density, melting pt, n tendency of forming lava lowest chance 2 form pyroclastics can melt overlying granite TERM 8 viscosity DEFINITION 8 offers resistance to flow more silica content, greater the viscosity TERM 9 extrusive rocks intrusive rocks DEFINITION 9 rocks formed above earths surface rocks formed beneath earth TERM 10 factors influencing melting rock DEFINITION 10 temp-increases w/ depth of earth pressure- melting pt increases as u go farther down bc of pressure water pressure- significantly lowers melting pt rock type-minerals in rocks hv diff melting pts TERM 21 sediments DEFINITION 21 Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow, and which eventually is deposited. TERM 22 rounding DEFINITION 22 grinding away at sharp edges of rock fragments TERM 23 sorting DEFINITION 23 Sorting indicates the distribution of grain size of sediments, either in unconsolidated deposits or in sedimentary rocks. TERM 24 lithification DEFINITION 24 Lithification (from the Greek word lithos meaning 'rock' and the Latin-derived suffix -ific) is the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock. compaction and cementation TERM 25 composite volcano DEFINITION 25 most common volcano alt layers of pyroclastics n lava magma is andesitic also known as stratovolcanoes mt fuji & my st helens TERM 26 shield volcanos cinder cone volcano DEFINITION 26 shield: long flat volcano as large as 10 km wide Cinder cone:short tall volcano formedfrom viscous magma. 1km wide TERM 27 geothermal gradient DEFINITION 27 The geothermal gradient is the rate at which the Earth's temperature increases with depth, indicating outward heat flows from a hot interior. TERM 28 how magma can rise up through solid rock DEFINITION 28 1 through cracks 2. by melting overlying rock (temp of magma must be hotter than melting pt of overlying rock) TERM 29 reasons magma cols and crystalizes b4 rising to crust DEFINITION 29 1 buoyancy and gas content of magma 2 temp of magma- if temp can melt overlying rock 3 presence of cracks in rock 4 viscosity of magma 5 geothermal gradient 6 rate of magma ascent-if magma acends quickly, it might get to surface b4the cold country rocks cool it TERM 30 intrusion DEFINITION 30 body of magma which forces itself n2 surrounding pre- existing rock TERM 31 grain size depends on... DEFINITION 31 rate of cooling viscosity TERM 32 igneous textures DEFINITION 32 glassy aphanitic- fine grained phaneritic- coarse grained pegmatitic- tremely coarse grained porphyritic- large crystals surounds by fine grained ones TERM 33 batholith joint DEFINITION 33 B: large discordant pluton w/ an outcropping area greater than 100km squared J:a fracture or crack where no displacement has occured TERM 34 acid rain n limestone DEFINITION 34 pollution creates CO2...CO2+H2O=H2CO3 H2CO3 completely desolves the calcite in limestone TERM 35 evaporites DEFINITION 35 Evaporites () are water-soluble mineral sediments that result from the evaporation of bodies of surficial water. main forms: Halite, Gypsum