Midterm 1 Study Guide - Cognitive Psychology | PSY 200, Study notes of Cognitive Psychology

Download Midterm 1 Study Guide - Cognitive Psychology | PSY 200 and more Study notes Cognitive Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Cognitive Psychology- Psych 200 – Spring 2016 Review for Midterm 1 Below is a list of the topics we have covered in class. The list does not contain all the details about the issues, it simply serves as a guide of the main concepts that you should study. In studying, you should familiarize yourself not only with the concepts, but the details that relate to that concept. In addition to lecture, you should know the information from Chapters 1-4 in the text, the split brain video, the in class demos and the 11 coglab experiments.  Definitions of cognitive psychology & the basic information processing approach.  -Cognitive Psychology: the science of thinking; emphasizes internal mental processes o Processes in which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used o Perception is an active cognitive process---we fill in missing information o Even simple tasks require a large amount of processing that often aren’t available for introspection: voice/object recognition o Approach start with simple lower-level processes and build to a higher level  Complex combination and interaction lead to: -language –problem- solving –decision-making  History – o Helmholtz – physician who trained both Wundt and James – Interested in neural conduction rates, color vision, founded ophthalmology. o James – Father of American Psych- first lab here –proposed multicomponent memory system, wrote principles in psychology – many cognitive chapters o Wudnt- 1st psych lab – >150 PhD students- started structuralism & relied on introspection to figure out cognition. o Titchner – Proponent of structuralism & tied the field very closely to introspection as a method. The method was allowed to define the field. o Structuralism was failing due to problems with introspection (no agreement about elements of thought and many processes may be too fast or unconscious to be available to introspection). This attempt to explain unconscious processes combined with introspection’s failures produced a backlash that led to behaviorism – denies mental processes all together. o The fall of Behaviorism- Tolman’s latent learning study, Evidence of strategies (e.g. Bousfield’s list learning and ordering the items), Skinner’s claim that he can explain language development & Chomsky’s counter These factors combined with human factors work related to WWII, the emergence of computers, and work on linguistics to precipitate the cognitive revolution.  Tolman: behaviorist---we must have mental representations  Rats got practice finding food in maze  Other rats got practice in maze without food---eventually put food in maze  Both groups “learned” o Used behavioral methods- observable phenomena  Bousfield (1953) showing that recall of memorized lists is usually grouped by category  Strategies aren’t observable  Skinner (1938-1950s)  Operant conducting o Behavior strengthened by positive/negative reinforcements  Argues children learn language through operant conditioning o Children imitate speech and then are rewarded  Chomsky (1959)-linguist  Children don’t only imitate  Children say things that they never heard or incorrect things  Methods – o Behavioral- many example of specific paradigms used to infer internal mental operations.  Donders- Simple v. Choice reaction time and the ability to use time to infer internal processes.  Shepard’s mental rotation – RT for a proxy of an internal process  Visual Search – how measures like RT can be used to deduce processing (serial v. parallel processing). o Modeling – producing models of processes to predict behavior – Ex: re- interpreting serial search data as a limited capacity parallel process o Physiological Methods – know how they work, their benefits & shortcomings.----observe brain activity and infer was processes occur  Single cell recordings, EEG, PET, fMRI, TMS  EEG(Electroencephalography)/ERP(Event Related Potential: uses changes in EEG to see events) o GOOD:  direct observation  good temporal resolution  you know where the action potential is occurring o BAD:  hole in the brain  limited number of cells  Single Cell Recording: micro electrode by axon that detects action potential o GOOD:  very good temporal resolution  fairly cheap  non-invasive o BAD:  poor localization  PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): need to burn fuel to activate system---tag glucose with radioactive markers that will indicate metabolic activity o GOOD:  see function o BAD:  Radioactive o Visual agnosia: inability to recognize objects visually o Couldn’t perceptually orient but could do viscometer posting  Visual agnosia vs. optic ataxia  Understand the need for double dissociation in lesion work o Somatosensory Maps in cortex - areas requiring more control/sensitivity need more brain area. o Hemispheric specialization & split brain patients  See stuff on the left in right hemisphere etc  Can still be functional without corpus collosom connection (lots of eye movement in day-to-day life)  Left hemisphere: involved in speech, local structure  Right hemisphere: global picture  Basic perceptual processing strategies based on neurological wiring.-if you think two areas are communicating, NEED to be connected o Lateral Inhibition – it relation to neural convergence and cell’s receptive fields, how wiring achieves it, how it creates efficiency, demonstrations of its effect on perception (Craik-Cornsweet edge, and the Herman’s grid).  Wired in center vs surrounding (retinal ganglion)  Cells in inside opposite of outside  First level of computation in vision  Makes system preferentially respond to edges(changes in brightness)/changes  Creates efficiency  Craik-Cornsweet Effect  Paint by number- paint this until otherwise told  Intensity is coded by speed of firing  Early form of visual processing  Condenses info leaving the eye=efficiency o Distributed coding (vs. specificity coding) - orientation selectivity in V1 and how the orientation tuning curves allow distributed coding. How color processing demonstrates distributed coding. How it creates efficiency.  V1=primary visual cortex  Use lines not spots for RF (oriented edges or bars)  Bell curve response for nearby orientation up to +/- 20° o V1 cell’s orientation tuning curve  Specificity coding- a single cell (grandmother) signals a single perceptual property  Distributed coding- pattern of activity across a number of cells that is important for perception****WHAT BRAIN DOES****  Cells respond optimally to one orientation but somewhat to similar orientation  Perceptual sensitivity for nearby orientations affected by adapting to a certain orientation  Tilt after affect---think of it as fatigue for cell that was used  Creates efficiency~ use two cells at 50% (added =100%)  Fine discrimination along a dimension using only a “few” detector neurons  Tune to every 15-20°  Color vision (another example)  White light has many wavelengths  Color matching-adjust intensity of 3 primary lights---red, green, and blue o Trichomacy- 3 monochromatic lights o Physiology-3 receptors  S-cone: blue; m-cone: green; L-cone: red  Combinations of cones creates all colors o Opponency – how color vision & motion perception support opponent processing. To fully understand these explanations requires some knowledge of how motion (e.g., Reichardt detectors) and color (e.g., trichromacy and the evidence for it) are wired in the brain. Why would a biological system want opponency?  Herring- thought red, green, blue, and yellow  Adaptation experiments-opponent processing  Red-green channel, blue-yellow channel o Fatigue the color so opposite shows up o Never reddish green or yellowish blue o Red+green= yellow in BY pathway  Metemers: 2 stimuli that are different in physical world and identical in perception  Motion  When an object changes location over time o Needs comparison across time and space o Reichardt detectors—receptors, delay, same comparator  Comparator cells are direction selective  Each cell tuned to specific velocity and direction  Speed controlled by receptor distance and delay in wiring  Direction controlled by which receptor delays  Waterfall illusion- motion after effect o Adapt to one direction of motion- fatigue o After if you look at no motion, opposite direction will “win”  Good because allows for changing in background firing rates due to arousal (higher than normal rates)  Creates better sensitivity~ easier to see if base~0  Using knowledge of brain organization and structure to examine brain plasticity. o V1 has a highly organized arrangement of orientation selective cells. A number of experiments have raised cats in restricted visual environments. Know these studies, their findings, and the implications of them. Word units Letter units Feature units  Cats in restricted environment (all horizontal/vertical) for first 3 months (Blakemore and Cooper 1970)  Normal environment after 3 months  Major deficits- no placing reflex, no startle reaction, won’t follow moving object  Major deficits go away after a few days  Long term effect  Behavioral: cat won’t track/play with a toy that movies in the opposite orientation as the restrictive environment  Physiological: V1 cells almost all tuned to environment raise in o Tune brain towards experience  Cover one eye vs both first 3 months (Wiesel and Hubel 1963)  1 eye covered more problematic  Raised in stroboscopic illumination (Cynadan, Berman, and Hein 1973)  No cells responsive to moving stimuli  Brain may have preset design but very plastic in beginning and competitive  Amputees- face region takes over hand stimulus  You can train to get more brain area (Elbert et al 1995)- string players increase fine motor especially if started when young o Somatosensory maps and amputees- know the findings and implications. o Training studies and their implications o The use of multi-electrode arrays for neural prosthetics. Evidence for a distributed code and holds promise for future health benefits.  Animals can control robotic arms with thoughts alone  Train robot to respond to thoughts of movement arm o Motor cortex  Limits: how well we can read brain activity  Object ID o Basic Object recognition theories-  Template model – template stored in your head for each possible input… match the input to the template to identify and object  Problems – Too many possible templates; predicts no learning transfer to novel views of objects  Interactive Activation Models - know the model and how top down projections are thought to effect the model (including the word superiority effect example).  Break into basic features, features excite appropriate letter units, mutual inhibition between letter units, word representation  Word superiority effect—having a word helps you perceive letters  Activation from word to letters associated with word  Both bottom up and top down processing