Physiological Psychology Midterm III Study Guide: Movement and Sleep & Wakefulness - Prof., Exams of Psychology of Human Development

Download Physiological Psychology Midterm III Study Guide: Movement and Sleep & Wakefulness - Prof. and more Exams Psychology of Human Development in PDF only on Docsity! 1 PSYCHOLOGY 3306 - PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY - MIDTERM III STUDY GUIDE – 2008 Movement (15 questions) 1. The condition in which tension within a skeletal muscle remains the same but the muscle shortens (movement) is known as? 2. Which motor system is involved in body axis control, and which motor system is involved in limb control? 3. What form of paralysis results from a cut through the spinal cord above the segments controlling the arms? 4. Which of the three cortical structures involved in movement (the premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex and primary motor cortex) is/are somatotopically organized? 5. Know that muscles attach to bones via tendons, the two major movements of skeletal muscles are flexion and extension, muscle spindles are not extrafusal muscles, intrafusal muscle fibers are the muscle fibers within and a part of muscle spindles, and alpha motor neurons synapse onto extrafusal muscle fibers that make up muscle groups. 6. What is a motor unit comprised of? 7. What neurotransmitter pathway degenerates in Parkinson's disease? 8. What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction (the motor endplate)? 9. What receptors detect muscle length and tension? 10. Of the three cortical structures involved in movement (premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex and primary motor cortex), which devotes a disproportionately large amount of cortical tissue to control of the fingers and tongue musculature. 11. What kinds of movement are regulated by the extrapyramidal motor system (basal ganglia)? 12. Damage to the cerebellum would result in what kind of movement deficit? 13. Know that the monosynaptic stretch reflex can be anatomically described as spindle afferents to the spinal cord synapsing onto an alpha motor neuron, which in turn synapses onto an extrafusal muscle fiber, making it contract when the muscle spindle is stretched. 14. How does the neurotoxin MPTP produce motor difficulties in monkeys? 15. What group of muscles is controlled by the cranial motor system? Sleep and Wakefulness (15 questions) 16. The performance of what kind of tasks is most likely to be disrupted by sleep deprivation? 17. What is the strongest evidence we have that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generates the circadian rhythm in the brain? 18. What is a “zeitgeber”? 19. What are circadian cycles without zeitgebers called? 20. The fact that most subjects sleep almost exactly the same amount each day, despite large day-to-day variations in physical activity provides support for which theory of sleep? 21. According to the evolutionary (circadian) theory of sleep, what is the primary function of sleep? 22. Suppose the EEG shows a pattern of high frequency and low amplitude waves. What must be going with neuronal activity in the brain? 23. What neural circuits control REM sleep-induced atonia (weak muscle tone)? 24. Sleep spindles (bursts of 12 to 14 Hz waves) and K-complexes are most characteristic of what stage of sleep. 25. The restorative effects of sleep have been suggested to occur mainly during which period of sleep? 26. What hypothesis proposes that the purpose of REM is to provide the conditions whereby neurons in the brain remain viable by firing and being in a state of asynchrony? 27. Stimulation of the pontine reticular formation (pedunculopontine) leads to what kind of muscle tone? 28. What midbrain nuclei is considered to be involved in regulating slow wave sleep? 29. What is the basic neural circuit pathways mediating light cues for circadian rhythms in the brain? 30. The overall consensus today (Mouruzzi and Magoun theory) is that the induction of sleep is by what kind of process?