Research Methods: Types of Questions, Variables, and Research Designs, Quizzes of Health sciences

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TERM 1 what is research DEFINITION 1 a critical process for asking and attempting to answer questions about the world TERM 2 false consensus effect DEFINITION 2 a person tends to overestimate the degree of agreement that others have with them. tendency for ppl to assume that their own opinions, beliefs, preferences etc are 'normal' and that others think the same way *** this bias tends to create a consensus that doesn't exist (thus false consesus) TERM 3 steps in the scientific method DEFINITION 3 ask a ? *** do background research *** construct a hypothesis *** develop a method *** make predictions *** test hypothesis *** analyze data *** communicate results *** TERM 4 why research skills matter DEFINITION 4 understand and interpret info *** maximize effectiveness of our practice *** discover and validate scientific concepts *** TERM 5 goals of research DEFINITION 5 exploration *** description *** prediction *** explanation *** action *** TERM 6 being a critical consumer of research DEFINITION 6 the who? - who's doing the research *** the where? - where is it being done; lab v natural setting *** the how? *** the why? *** TERM 7 methods --> ______ DEFINITION 7 outcomes *** methods used affect your outcomes! *** if you cut corners on methods, you will get poor results *** TERM 8 ways of gaining knowledge DEFINITION 8 custom and tradition - info passed down *** authority - i.e. govt provided info *** personal experience *** pseudo science - looks like science but its not; i.e. phrenology TERM 9 the scientific approach DEFINITION 9 empiricism - only OBSERVABLE data; NOT OPINION *** falsifiability - hypothesis must be able to be supported or not *** peer review TERM 10 research process: begin with a _____ topic, then get specific DEFINITION 10 general TERM 21 ex of an experimental research question DEFINITION 21 does running 3x a week for 6 mos have an effect on smoking among uc students? TERM 22 example of a hypothesis DEFINITION 22 uconn students who smoke and who start a running program will smoke less after 6 mos compared to controls TERM 23 purpose of your research proposal DEFINITION 23 represents your understanding of the topic *** demonstrates appropriateness of methods to study the topic *** guide for data collection *** to obtain grant funding *** IRB review *** communicate/demonstrate knowledge TERM 24 steps in research process - funnel shaped DEFINITION 24 1. initiate an idea - general *** 2. select a specific question *** 3. review the literature *** 4. determine variables of interest *** 5. define problem specifically *** 6. re-review literature TERM 25 hypothesis DEFINITION 25 formal statement asserting what you believe is true in a particular situation; statement asserting that 2 or more variables are related to one another TERM 26 title DEFINITION 26 usually written last **** concise but include variables of interest; includes important key wrds TERM 27 name and title of investigators DEFINITION 27 use full names with abbreviations for titles *** principle investigators (PIs) and Project Directors *** full names of insitution(s) **** i.e. Uconn Health Center, Farmington, CT TERM 28 abstract DEFINITION 28 written last *** SUMMARY OF PROJECT (~120 words) *** intro to problem *** what is known/not known *** purpose and objectives *** methods and overall predictions *** NO references! TERM 29 intro to lit review (____ tense) DEFINITION 29 past *** brief description of the overall problem *** cite key studies, using reputable sources - give stats and facts; discuss if studies to date conflict/agree *** end with transition to lit review TERM 30 lit review (____ tense) DEFINITION 30 past *** purpose - explain rationale for your study *** provide foundation for your research q - what is known? do studies agree/disagree? what's next? *** use subheadings *** end section with conclusion *** use primary references v secondary references *** refer to each study by author and yr *** end with objectives - list by #, measurable, hypotheses following each objective TERM 31 methods (____ tense) DEFINITION 31 future *** dividied into sections - design, participants *** explain measures and procedure in detail *** data analysis should be linked with hypotheses and stats to be used must match hypotheses *** timeline TERM 32 predictions DEFINITION 32 what outcomes do you expect? why? *** mirrors intro section *** sums up implications *** what you expect to find TERM 33 discussion DEFINITION 33 generalizability of the findings *** variables not controlled for *** other study limitations/strengths *** how were weaknesses addressed? *** TERM 34 references DEFINITION 34 ABC order *** articles/books/disserations/reviews *** use APA format *** start on new page and double space *** list all authors, page numbers *** TERM 35 appendix DEFINITION 35 surveys, questionnaires, other tools etc - develop your own or reference *** informed consent form TERM 46 distance between teacher and learner DEFINITION 46 teacher was more obedient when learner was farther away - depersonalized TERM 47 closeness of authority DEFINITION 47 teacher more obedient when authority was close by TERM 48 perception of institution DEFINITION 48 i.e. Yale *** more likely to go along with a reputable institution TERM 49 sampling DEFINITION 49 goal = represent target population *** identify target pop then identify exp pop (accessible population) *** choose a sampling procedure *** define inclusion/exclusion criteria TERM 50 inclusion/exclusion criteria DEFINITION 50 determine criteria for which to include and exclude people from your study *** i.e. exclude people on certain medications or with a fam hx TERM 51 sampling bias DEFINITION 51 particular attributes of a chosen sample arent representative *** leads to sampling error TERM 52 probability sampling DEFINITION 52 simple random ** disproportional ** cluster ** stratified TERM 53 simple random sampling DEFINITION 53 every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample. (i.e. if the population has 1000 members, each person has a 1/1000 chance of being selected) *** randomly draw people TERM 54 disproportional sampling DEFINITION 54 uneven numbers in each group ** i.e. uneven genders TERM 55 cluster sampling DEFINITION 55 randomly selecting clusters ** i.e. randomly select retirement homes and then randomly assign the homes TERM 56 stratified sampling DEFINITION 56 population is divided into subgroups and random sampling techniques are then used to select sample members from each stratum ** i.e. sexual attitudes survey may stratify on the basis of age or gender as these attributes may affect sexual attitudes TERM 57 advantages of probability sampling DEFINITION 57 representative of the population ** for cluster - researcher does not have to sample from lists of individuals in order to get a truly random sample TERM 58 disadvantages of probability sampling DEFINITION 58 may cost more; may be difficult to get full list of all members of any population of interest/any cluster TERM 59 nonprobability sampling DEFINITION 59 probability sampling not feasible; each person does NOT have an equal chance of being selected ** used if studying something very specific ** convenience ** quota ** purposive ** snowball TERM 60 convenience sampling DEFINITION 60 select a sample in any way that is convenient ** use convenient pool - i.e. volunteers *** ex. stand outside union on tuesday at 9, ask people in your class ** be aware of biases - be sure to randomize TERM 71 reduce inter-subject differences DEFINITION 71 select homogenous subjects - i.e. aqe, gender, race *** matching - match people in 1 group with those in the other *** subjects as their own control *** statistical techniques TERM 72 nonexperimental designs: descriptive DEFINITION 72 describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied *** does NOT determine cause/effect TERM 73 nonexperimental designs: correlational DEFINITION 73 describes a relationship between 2 variables *** does NOT determine cause/effect *** degree of association (-1 to 1) *** positive, negative, zero, curvilinear *** TERM 74 experimental designs DEFINITION 74 determine cause/effect TERM 75 key uses of nonexperimental designs DEFINITION 75 describes co-occurence of events *** generate hypotheses for exp research *** compare 2 methods or tests *** prediction TERM 76 key limitations of nonexperimental research: DEFINITION 76 cant draw cause/effect TERM 77 within-subjects design DEFINITION 77 ONE GROUP *** pretest - intervention - posttest *** subjects act as THEIR OWN CONTROL GROUP! *** prescores (control) and postscores (exp) TERM 78 quasi experimental DEFINITION 78 randomly assigning SITES *** i.e. 10 clinic sites as control and 10 clinic sites as experimental limitations: those who know theyre getting control may not go; sites could differ (i.e. inner city v suburb) TERM 79 true experimental DEFINITION 79 true control group ** true random assignment ** groups are statistically equal ** blind ** sample size is relatively large ** control confounds ** participants randomly assigned to diff conditions TERM 80 factorial design DEFINITION 80 at least 2 IVs with each having 2 levels ** want to see different interactions/combinations TERM 81 repeated measures design DEFINITION 81 same individuals participate in all/both conditions *** participants are repeatedly measured on the DV after being in each condition of the experiment *** take measures repeatedly thru experiment TERM 82 ABA/ABAC design DEFINITION 82 A = baseline * B = intervention * C = another intervention * TERM 83 internal validity DEFINITION 83 how well the test measures what its intended to measure ** refers to the ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from your data *** design of study, measurement of DV TERM 84 External validity DEFINITION 84 extent to which the results can be generalized to the population youre studying TERM 85 history threats DEFINITION 85 events outside the study; factors that happen over a period of time; occur between your 1st and 2nd measurements ** problem with longitudinal studies ** solutions: *** large sample sizes will wash out some influence *** random assignment to avoid unequal influences on 1 group over the other TERM 96 hierarchy of the levels of measurement DEFINITION 96 nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio TERM 97 nominal DEFINITION 97 arbitrary *** categories with NO NUMERICAL SCALES *** ex. male/female; introvert/extrovert *** impossible to define any quantitative values and/or differences between/across categories TERM 98 ordinal DEFINITION 98 rank order; numerical values limited *** ex. 2, 3, and 4 star restaurants *** ex. A B C D F grades *** intervals between items unknown TERM 99 interval DEFINITION 99 numerical properties are literal *** ex. intelligence, temperature, apt test score *** NO TRUE ZERO TERM 100 ratio DEFINITION 100 TRUE ZERO *** weight, age *** zero indicates absence of value measured *** can form ratios (someone weights twice as much as someone else) TERM 101 construct validity of the instrument DEFINITION 101 refers to the adequacy of the operational definition of variables; does the operational definition of a variable actually reflect the true theoretical meaning of the variable? TERM 102 criterion related validity DEFINITION 102 used to demonstrate the accuracy of a measure or procedure by comparing it with another measure or procedure which has been demonstrated to be valid TERM 103 predictive validity DEFINITION 103 instrument does a good job at predicting actual bx; research that uses a measure to predict some future bx TERM 104 concurrent validity DEFINITION 104 instrument gives outcome similar to an existing measurement TERM 105 convergent validity DEFINITION 105 Convergent validity, is the degree to which an operation is similar to (converges on) other operations that it theoretically should also be similar to. *** extent to which scores on the measure in question are related to scores on other measures of the same construct or similar constructs should converge TERM 106 discriminant validity DEFINITION 106 Discriminant validity describes the degree to which the operationalization is not similar to (diverges from) other operationalizations that it theoretically should not be similar to. *** measure should discriminate between construct being measured and other unrelated constructs TERM 107 threats to external validity DEFINITION 107 sample characteristics - must be similar to target pop characteristics! *** subject/tx interaction - only certain participants do well - i.e. youngest segment *** artificial research setting - may not generalize well to actual environment