Midterm ExamStudy Guide - Landscape Architecture | LA 1203, Exams of Architecture

Download Midterm ExamStudy Guide - Landscape Architecture | LA 1203 and more Exams Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! Landscape Architecture 1203 Charles Fryling, Jr. Views of the American Landscape Louisiana State University Robert Reich School of Landscape Architecture The Gift Outright The land was ours before we were the land's. She was our land more than a hundred years Before we were her people. She was ours In Massachusetts, in Virginia, But we were England's, still colonials, Possessing what we still were unpossessed by, Possessed by what we now no more possessed. Something we were withholding made us weak Until we found out that it was ourselves We were withholding from our land of living, And forthwith found salvation in surrender. Such as we were we gave ourselves outright (The deed of gift was many deeds of war) To the land vaguely realizing westward, But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced, Such as she was, such as she would become. -- Robert Frost Written in 1942, recited at JFK's inauguration in 1961. Topography Sharon Olds After we flew across the country we got in bed, laid our bodies delicately together, like maps laid face to face, East to West, my San Francisco against your New York, your Fire Island against my Sonoma, my New Orleans deep in your Texas, your Idaho bright on my Great Lakes, my Kansas burning against your Kansas your Kansas burning against my Kansas, your Eastern Standard Time pressing into my Pacific Time, my Mountain Time beating against your Central Time, your sun rising swiftly from the right my sun rising swiftly from the left your moon rising slowly from the left my moon rising slowly from the right until all four bodies of the sky burn above us, sealing us together, all our cities twin cities, all our states united, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. A Look at the Landscape • Maps – Scale - Area - Direction – Map Scale - Graphic - Verbal - Representative Fraction (1:250,000; 1:1,000,000; 1:4,000,000) Large Scale = Smaller Area, More Detail, & Larger RF Number - Denominator Small Small Scale = Large area, Less Detail, Smaller RF Number - Denominator Large • Hillocks - Hachures - Contour Lines • Thematic Maps (Use symbols to show one class of geographical information) – Mercator’s Projection (Cylindrical Projection) (First Published in 1569) » Alaska appears far larger than Mexico, whereas in fact Mexico is larger in land area – Good’s Interrupted Projection – Robinson Projection • Continental Drift – Pangaea (Supercontinent 225 Million Years Ago) – San Andreas Fault Filoli Garden Change and time are constant. “In the begging…” So far scientists have not found a way to determine the exact age of the Earth. One guess of the Earth’s age is 4.6 billion years ago. Dinosaurs lived from late in the Triassic period (about 225 million years ago) until the end of the Mesozoic era (about 65 million years ago). Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903) is recognized as the founder of American landscape architecture (father of the profession of landscape Architecture) and the nation’s foremost designer of parks. Olmsted established his home and office, “Fairsted”, outside of Boston in1883. This became the world's first full-scale professional office for the practice of landscape design. The first Olmsted design was Central Park in New York City in 1858. The painting by John Constable of “Wivenhoe Park” in 1816 shows European landscape (pastoral and picturesque) as it appeared to Frederick Law Olmsted as he traveled in Europe before he design Central Park. The painting “Kindred Spirits” by Asher B. Durand in 1848 showed Thomas Cole and William Cullen Bryant in the Catskills of New York State. Cole is the founder of the Hudson River School of painting (the first school or stile of art from the New World), William Cullen Bryant an American Romantic poet and journalist was the person who came up with the idea of a central park in New York City. The “Greensward Plan” is the name used by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux for their entry in the design competition of 1858. Their plan was the winning entry. Design elements of the plan included: separation of circulation, transverse roads, ramble (wild or natural area), a mall, and open areas for passive recreation. Central Park in New York City is in the New England Physiographic Province. The World Columbian Exposition of 1893 was held in Chicago that is in the Central Lowlands Physiographic Province. Andrew Jackson Downing (b 1815 d 1852) , an Architect, was the leading American garden writer and garden designer of his day. He was born in Newburgh, New York in 1815. Downing edited The Horticulturalist and wrote a Treatise on the theory and practice of landscape gardening, adapted to North America (1841). This book has a chapter on 'Landscape or rural architecture' which may have been the source from which Olmsted took the term 'landscape architecture'. Downing got Calvert Vaux to move from England to the United States. Vaux was an Architect and the future partner of Olmsted. Andrew Jackson Downing was a protagonist for public parks and had he not drowned at the age of 36 it is likely that Downing, rather than Olmsted, would have received the commission to design Central Park in New York Major Pierre L’Enfant a French-born American, military engineer, architect, and city planner did the base plan for Washington D.C. in 1791. Thomas Jefferson strongly influenced L’Enfants’, work as well as the general location of the federal district. Robert Mills made a design for the Washington Monument which he described as a “grand circular colonnaded building…from which springs an obelisk shaft.” This original design created in 1833 was to include a tomb for Washington at the base of the obelisk. The colonnaded building was to be surrounded by statues of Revolutionary War heroes. Senator James McMillan, Chair of the Washington, D.C. improvement committee, appointed Daniel Burnham, architect, to head the commission charged with creating a plan for the entire park system in the District of Columbia. Other commission members; Charles McKim, architect; Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., landscape architect; and Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor, did the final drawings for the plan. The Crosby Arboretum and Everglades National Park are both in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. Washington D.C. is on the “Fall Line” between the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. Most of the federal city is in the Coastal Plain. Marjory Stoneman Douglas has been called the "mother of the Everglades," she was an environmentalist, activist, feminist, and independent. (She died in 1998 at 108 years old.) Her name is synonymous with the Everglades for her tireless, groundbreaking efforts to protect this watery region - a region her adversaries considered a worthless swamp. Douglas is perhaps most known for her book, The Everglades: River of Grass. Which was a best-seller that was first published in 1947. “Where the grass and the water are, there is the heart, the current, the meaning of the Everglades. The truth of the river is the grass.” – Marjorie Stoneman Douglas View by Physiography • Physiography of any area represents the product of a host of processes that operate at or near the earth’s surface. (Landforms, Soils, Water Features, Vegetation, Related Resources) • Physiographic: Region, Province*, Section • Fall Line • The Coastal Plain (Physiographic Province) – Sections: North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Florida Peninsula, East Gulf Coast, Mississippi Embayment (Mississippi River Alluvial Plain), & West Gulf Coast – Fall Line – Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Everglades National Park, Atchafalaya • New England (Physiographic Province) Battle of Lexington/Concord April 19,1775 – Minute-Man National Historical Park - 1959 Physiography of any area represents the product of a host of processes that operate at or near the earth’s surface. These processes include combinations of landforms, soils, water features, vegetation, and related resources. Physiographic areas are defined by the composite patterns of landscape features. The physiographic province is the basic unite. Two or more provinces make a physiographic region and a physiographic province can be made up of two or more sections or smaller units. Physiographic Provinces of the contiguous United State are the following: 1. Coastal Plain 11. Superior Upland-Canadian Shield 2. New England 12. Great Plains 3. Piedmont 13. Rocky Mountains 4. Blue Ridge 14. Basin and Range 5. Ridge and Valley 15. Colorado Plateau 6. Appalachian Plateau 16. Columbia Plateau 7. Adirondacks 17. Sierra Nevada 8. Interior Low Plateaus 18. Cascades 9. Interior Highlands 19. Pacific Border 10. Central Lowlands 20. Alaska (Pacific Mountain System, Interior Province, Brooks Range, Arctic Coastal Plain) Two lines, line of glaciation and the fall line, are important dividers or edges of several physiographic provinces. A Fall Line is the geologic place where waterfalls and rapids begin on rivers that are roughly parallel. The waterfalls are caused by differences in underlying earth structure as the river descends from uplands to lower elevations. In the eastern United States the Fall Line marks the edge of the hard rock of the Piedmont Physiographic Province and the softer sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Fall Line marked the limit of inland travel by ships and a location for waterpower as a source of energy. Many of our large cities are located on the Fall Line. Trenton, NJ. Columbus, GA Philadelphia, PA. Montgomery, AL Baltimore, MD. Tuscaloosa, AL. Washington, DC. Little Rock, AR. Richmond, VA. Just west of Dallas, TX. Raleigh, NC. Waco, TX Columbia, SC. Just north of San Antonio, TX. Augusta, GA. Del Rio, TX. Macom, GA. Coastal Plain: The Coastal Plain extends 2,200 miles from Cape Cod in the north to the Mexican border in the south. It continues south for an additional 1,000 miles along the Gulf coast of Mexico. Stone Mountain, Georgia is a mile and a half long exfoliating granite dome that stands 650 feet above the surrounding piedmont residual soils. The mountain is a granite dome which was formed 300 million years ago from magma. Three sculptors worked on the Confederate Memorial Carving. Gutzon Borglum 1915-1925 (Left because of a dispute and took is design with him. He went to carve Mount Rushmore in South Dakota.) Augustus Lukeman 1925-1928 (Removed Borglum’s head of Lee and replaced it with his own Lee. Thirty-six yeas passed with the property returning to the original owner. Then in 1958 the state of Georgia purchased the mountain and a design competition was held. The winning design was by Hancock. Walker Kirkland Hancock 1963-1972 The Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial 90 by 190 feet and is recessed 42 feet into the mountain. It depicts three heroes of the Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis, Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson. The memorial was dedicated in 1970. Blue Ridge: This Province has a very clear boundary on the west, where a wide and continuous lowland, the Great Valley, lies between the Blue Ridge and the first ridge of the Ridge and Valley Province. Mount Mitchell, 6,684 feet in elevation, is the highest point in the Appalachian highlands. Stream Piracy is when a river of stream captures the upper reaches of another water course that at the time of capture also flowed through a water gap of a ridge. The pirate stream deepens its valley more rapidly diverting the head waters of the other stream. The diverted stream leaves what is called a “wind gap” in the ridge. The Shenandoah River is a good example of this process. It captured the waters of Beaver Dam Creek. The Shenandoah River joins the Potomac River just before in passes though the Blue Ridge at Harpers Ferry. The expansion “west” across the United State has many steps and stories. One of the early steps took place at Harpers Ferry located at the pass through the Blue Ridge were the Shenandoah River converges with the Potomac River. Here the transportation race west met as the traditional canal water system and the new progressive railroad system passed next to each other. On July 4, 1828, two formal ceremonies occurred. The land at Harpers Ferry eventually affected both. In Baltimore Charles Carroll, the only living signer of the American Declaration of Independence placed the cornerstone for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In Washington on the same day President John Quincy Adams dug the firs shovel full of earth for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Both transportation systems passed through the Blue Ridge at Harpers Ferry. The following are names of historic figures who have some connection with Harpers Ferry: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis, John Brown, Robert E. Lee, J.E.B Stuart, Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson, George Armstrong Custer, Philip H. Sheridan, Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, W.E.B. Du Bois. The Blue Ridge Parkway was began in 1935 and completed 52 years later. The parkway now is 469-miles long along the crest of the Blue Ridge. With roughly 20 million annual visits, the economic impact for the 29 Virginia and North Carolina counties that the parkway traverses amounts to more than $2 billion annually. A parkway is a lineal park for recreation. Olmsted’s last great project wa the Biltmore Estate for George W. Vanderbilt near Asheville, North Carolina. Vanderbilt wanted a “deer park” and Olmsted thought that it would be best as a forest. Frederick Law Olmsted suggested that the country’s first scientifically managed forest should be established at Biltmore Estate. Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) is America’s first professionally trained forester was brought to Biltmore by Olmsted. The “Cradle of Forestry” - the first forestry school in America was established at Biltmore. Eighty thousand acres of Biltmor’s 120, 000 acres became a part of he Pisgah National Forest. Ridge and Valley: This Province extends from the Saint Lawrence River to Alabama. The area is characterized by linear ridges which often are parallel to each other but not necessarily. From the air the landscape is distinctive and striking with wooded ridges and often cleared lowlands between the ridges. The Ridge and Valley Province in the Appalachians has one of the most distinctive terrain patterns in North America with its characteristic folded and faulted sedimentary rocks which erodes into long ridges and valleys. Bear Mountain-Herriman State Park, Pallisades Interstate Park Commission, Hudson River Valley Saved in the early 1900s after the state of New York tried to relocate Sing Sing Prison to Bear Mountain. Preservation was led by Union Pacific railroad president E.W. Harriman. Bear Mountain-Harriman State Park became a reality in 1910. First section of the Appalachian Trail was open on Oct. 7, 1923 from Bear Mountain to the Delaware Water Gap. National Trails Act - 1968 Appalachian Plateau: Seen from the air, this Province resembles a very choppy sea of small mountains with slopes pointed in all directions. Old Economy, Pennsylvania, a Harmony Society Community was established in 1824. Physiography Continued • Adirondacks (Physiographic Province) – Forest Preserve 1882 – Park (“Blue Line”) 1892 – NY. State Constitution “Forever Wild”, Article 14 1894 • Interior Low Plateaus (Physiographic Province) – Mammoth Cave • Interior Highlands (Physiographic Province) – Ozark Plateaus – Ouachita Mountains (Hot Springs AK. 1832) • Central Lowlands (Physiographic Province) – University of Illinois (Shadow dictates place of library) – Niagara Falls – Sand Counties (Baraboo, WI) Aldo Leopold – Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore – Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge • Superior Uplands-Canadian Shield (Physiographic Province) – Hawk Ridge North Shore Range, Lake Superior – Churchill, Manitoba Canada • Great Plains (Physiographic Province) Carlsbad Caverns – Palo Duro Canyon ________________________________________________________________________ Adirondacks: The region as a whole is drained by a roughly radial pattern of rivers. Most of this Province is included in the “Forever Wild” Park. Adirondack Statistics Adirondack State Park - 6 Million Acres Adirondack Forest Preserve - 2.3 Million Acres 8,000 Sq. miles of mountains 2,000 miles of foot trails 240 lean-tos 35 campsites 200 lakes at least a square mile area There are over 2,000 high peak mountains There are over 40 high peak mountains over 4,000 feet The highest peak is Mount Marcy at 5,344 feet There are over 50 species of animals Over 220 Birds Over 30 species of reptiles and amphibians 66 species of fish caused 500 feet of sand to be placed in just one day forcing the Wisconsin River to change course. “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community.” – Aldo Leopold The Muir family immigrates to America from Dunbar, Scotland in 1849. The family lives in Buffalo Township, Wisconsin at Fountain Lake Farm and latter Hickory Hill Farm near Portage Wisconsin. The Fountain Lake is where Muir taught himself to swim and it was were he spent many hours enjoying nature. So deep was Muir’s love for Fountain Lake and its water meadows that he spent the rest of his life trying to purchase it but he was never able to do it. “I want to keep it untrammeled for the sake of its ferns and flowers; and even if I should never see it again, the beauty of its lilies and orchids are so pressed into my mind I shall always enjoy looking back at them in imagination, even across seas and continents, and perhaps after I am dead.” – John Muir The county has established the Muir Memorial County Park at Fountain Lake. New York State Reservation at Niagara (Goat Island & NY Edge) - Frederick Law Olmsted Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge is the second refuge established in 1901. Pelican Island is the first. Bison Bison bison (Buffalo) are the big draw at Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge was set aside for them, at a time when the species were almost extinct. The thriving herd here was started from a nucleus of 15 donated by the New York Zoological Society, and released in 1907. The Great Plains: Higher in elevation, greater relief, less rainfall, and composed primarily of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments as compared with Paleozoic sediments and conditions in the Central Lowlands. Scotts Bluff National Monument - Sentinel for Mitchell Pass - “Prairie schooner” 150,000 emigrants passed this point during the 1850s and ‘60s - In 1852 an estimated 50,000 men, women and children stopped here on their way west Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming America's First National Monument - Devils Tower rises 1267 feet above the Belle Fourche River. Once hidden, erosion has revealed Devils Tower. This 1347 acre park is covered with pine forests, woodlands, and grasslands. Deer, prairie dogs, and other wildlife are seen. Also known as Bears Lodge, it is a sacred site for many American Indians. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower the first national monument in 1906. Physiography Continued • Rock Mountains (Physiographic Province) – Sections • Southern Rockies (Snowmass-Maroon Bells Wilderness, Colorado • Wyoming Basin • Middle Rockies (Grand Tetons - Yellowstone) • Northern Rockies (Bitterroot - Glacier - Canadian Rocky Mountains • Basin and Range (Physiographic Province) Mono Lake - Great Salt Lake - Guadalupe Mountains - Bristlecone Pine - Saguaro - Death Valley – Gila Wilderness – Bosque Del Apache National Wildlife Refuge Rocky Mountains: This area forms a rugged barrier which extends from Canada through the United States to northern New Mexico. The Rocky Mountains are composed of a number of separate ranges which are roughly parallel to each other. Steep mountainsides promote the development of many talus slopes, landslide scars, and mud flows. A few small glaciers still persist at high elevations. The Rocky Mountains Physiographic Province is divided into four sections: Southern Rockies (Snowmass-Maroon Bells Wilderness, U.S. Air force Academy) Wyoming Basin Middle Rockies (Grand Tetons - Yellowstone) Northern Rockies (Bitterroot - Glacier - Canadian Rocky Mountains Dead trees becomes home for many creatures while returning nutrients to the land and sometimes can become sculpture or inspiration for man. Not all trees need to be harvested. The Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness was established with 1964 Wilderness Act and total size now is approximately 183,500 acres. Located in the Gunnison and White River National Forests. The wilderness is near the town of Aspen, Colorado. A moraine is a debris or till pile of earthen material shaped and carried by glaciers. Types of moraines are: Lateral Moraine, and Terminal or End Moraines. Quaking Aspen - Populus tremuloides – Elk “Wapiti” - Cervus elaphus – White- Tailed Deer - Odocoileus virginianus – Mountain Goat - Oreamnos americanus – Mountain Sheep - Ovis canadensis Stream deltas are similar to alluvial fans. In both cases the carrying capacity of a stream comes to an end. Alluvial fans are deposited at the foot of mountain slopes in arid regions. Deltas are located where the stream flows into another body of water and drops its load of sediments. Aspen Colorado, Snowmass-Maroon Bells Wilderness, Rocky Mountain National Park, Vail - Beaver Creek, Glacier National Park, Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Waterton Lakes National Park - Canada, Banff National Park - Canada, Jasper National Park - Canada, Kootenay National Park - Canada, Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia - Canada. Basin and Range: This province is an area of distant vistas where landforms many miles away are clear in the dry desert air. Water courses drain internally and not to the sea. Mono Lake is located near the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada in the Basin and Range Physiographic Province. It is loosing water due to the diversion of water by the California Water System which takes water south to the Los Angeles area. Tufa - Calcareous and siliceous rock deposited by springs in the bottom of Mono Lake. Mono Lake and the Great Salt Lake are good examples of the internal drainage of the province. Red-necked Phalarope - Phalaropus lobatus, breed on Arctic and sub arctic tundra; winters chiefly at sea in Southern Hemisphere. The Great Salt Lake now occupies the former location of Lake Bonneville some 16,000 years ago. Promontory Point in the Grate Salt Lake is where the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroads meet and the “golden spike” was driven to make the connection on May 10, 1869. Bristlecone Pines, Pinus longaeva our oldest tress. Inyo National Forest atop of one of the ranges in the Basin and Range Physiographic Province. Death Valley National Park - National Monument - 1933, National Park - 1994 Alluvial Fans are deposited by streams at the foot of a mountain slope. They resemble deltas in origin, both are where the stream looses capacity to carry their load. Sand dunes - Note the gentle windward slop and the steeper slip face. The wind direction is from right to left. Wind-blown sand moves up the gentle slope to the brink. When the buildup of sand at the brink exceeds the angle of repose the sand grain slides down the steep face. The dune moves downwind. Saguaro National Park, Arizona - First park set aside especially to protect a plant species. Cereus giganteus - 1848 (Carnegiea gigantea - 1908) Guadalupe Mountains National Park - El Capitan - 8,085 feet elevation Coastal Trough Province Alaska Mountains-Aleutian Region Interior Province Brooks Range Arctic Coastal Plain In 1866 the estimated seal population of Alaska was 5,000,000. In the first twenty years of its operation the Alaska Company took enough sealskins to repay the entire cost of the Alaska Purchase ($7,200,000). In 1911, when the Fur Seal Treaty between United States, Canada, Japan, and Russia was finally approved there were only 3 percent of the original seal population remaining. Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 Clear cutting - Tongass National Forest < 17 Million Acres - America’s Largest National Forest Temperate Rain Forest Chilkat River, Lakeview State Campground, Alaska Yellow-rumped Warbler - Dendroica coronata - -- - California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica) - -- - Cotton-Grass (Eriophorum gracile) Seven Wonders of the United States (ASCE - ‘94) American Society of Civil Engineers 1. Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 2. Golden Gate Bridge, 3. Hoover Dam, 4. Interstate Highway System, 5. Kennedy Space Center, 6. Panama Canal, 7. World Trade Center Trans - Alaska Pipeline – Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska Stamp image (Mt. McKinley) is a Smithsonian photo by John Eastcott & Yva Momaatiuk Sitka Rose - Rosa rugosa - State flower of Alaska “In Alaska we have a magnificent opportunity to show more respect for wilderness and wildlife values than did our forebears. The wonders of the wilderness still abound there; if we spoil them, we cannot excuse their defilement with pleas of ignorance.” – Stewart L. Udall - The Quiet Crisis Yosemite Sierra Nevada Physiographic Province • Two Valleys – Merced – Tuolumne • Frederick Law Olmsted • John Muir (first got to Yosemite in 1868) • Yosemite 1864 - Ceded to State of California – “First Scenic Reserve Created by Federal Action”-Yosemite Reservation – 1890 Yosemite “Forest Reservation” (high country) – Recession 1905 - Yosemite National Park • Yellowstone National Park 1872 National Park Service Act 1916 Yosemite “First Scenic Reserve Created by Federal Action” - Yosemite Reservation - 1864 Many proposals have been made for Central Park in New York City. They include an airport, athletic stadium, theater, full-rigged ship, street railway, race track, church, permanent circus, a cathedral and a tomb for Ulysses S. Grant. Central Park increases the value of land adjacent to the park and increases the tax revenues to the city. Large urban parks pay back to their communities far more than their cost. Many years earlier George Catlin, Emerson, and Thoreau had recognized the need to preserve fine natural landscapes. However it was the young landscape architect, Frederick Law Olmsted, who took the first steps in federal land preservation. Olmsted and others persuaded Congress to pass a bill to preserve Yosemite “for public use, resort, and recreation”. The Yosemite was ceded to California and administered along lines recommended by Frederick Law Olmsted making the first scenic reserve created by federal action. 1864 Abraham Lincoln signed the legislation establishing the Yosemite Grant for the “preservation both of the Yosemite Valley and the Big Tree Grove.” “Surrounded by the horrors of the Civil War, the President’s action can be regarded as a recognition that no matter how difficult our straits as a society, we can turn to our native landscape for peace, for beauty and for hope.” – Tim Palmer, Yosemite: The Promise of Wilderness Yosemite California State Park contained ten-square-mile strip of Yosemite valley and a square mile of big trees (the Mariposa Grove). Many visitors think only of Yosemite Valley when they think of the park, but the Valley occupies only a small fraction of the 1,200 square miles of mountain wilderness encompassed within the borders of the park. Much of this land and maybe even more lands are needed to keep Yosemite Valley in a healthy condition. Frederick Law Olmsted chaired the Yosemite Commission which was charged by the State of California to manage the Yosemite Grant. Olmsted wrote, “ The first first thought to be kept in mind is the preservation and maintenance as exactly as is possible of the natural scenery.” Olmsted warned against any construction or development that would “ unnecessarily obscure, distort, or detract from the dignity of the scenery.” Unfortunately state administrators suppressed his plan and it was lost until rediscovered in 1952. Bridalveil Falls “… has far the richest, as well as the most powerful, voice of all the wind in the glossy leaves of the live-oaks and the soft, sifting, hushing tones of the pines, to the loudest rush and roar of storm winds and thunder among the crags of the summit peaks.” – John Muir Muir saw that men were eyewitnesses to creation if only they opened their senses to it. 1868 Muir first went to Yosemite. “And from the eastern boundary of the vast golden flower bed rose the mighty Sierra, miles in height, and so gloriously colored, and so radiant, it seemed not clothed with light, but wholly composed of it, like the wall of some celestial city.” – John Muir Friends urged John Muir to write about his beloved Yosemite. In 1889 after a decade away from Yosemite Muir brought Robert Underwood Johnson, The Century magazine editor, with him to the Yosemite. They found overgrazing by sheep that had denuded the high country as well as the beautiful valley. Johnson began a campaign to protect the Yosemite. He got Muir to write two articles for The Century, “The Treasures of the Yosemite” and “Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park”. Thomas Moran illustrated the articles. Johnson then personally went to Congress to support the “Park”. On October 1, 1890 the high country of Yosemite became a “Forest Reservation”. Interior Secretary Noble adopted the words “National Parks” in naming Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant. The three were all protected in 1890. The Park Service staged a firefall in 1962 for the amusement of tourists. It was an interesting historic recreation but no embellishment is necessary for the natural beauty of Yosemite. – Sun created “Firefall” Galen Rowell: Last Light on Horsetail Fall, El Capitan, 1973 (One or two days in autumn) Acorn Woodpecker - Melanerpes formicivorus Olmsted Point - Yosemite National Park – Yellow-bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris The Marmot is a social animal, living in colonies near tree line. Burrow entrances are located beneath rocks, so this species is also known as a Rock-chuck. Tuolumne Grove of Giant Sequoias “Walk in the sequoia woods at any time of year and you will say they are the most beautiful and majestic on earth. Beautiful and impressive contrasts meet you everywhere, the colors of tree and flower, rock and sky, light and shade, strength and frailty, endurance and evanescence.” – John Muir (1911) “Bear Jams” - In the late 40s and early 50s black bears were very common alongside Yellowstone roads. Old Faithful Inn, the “world’s largest log hostelry.” is built of fir and lodgepole pine. It has a 90-foot high internal space that has awed guests since it was built in 1904. Parking at Old Faithful Inn - A pleasuring-ground problem. Old Faithful Inn Interior The Inn was built in 1904 from fir and lodgepole pine logs designed by architect Robert Reamer for the Yellowstone Park Association a subsidiary of the Northern Pacific Railroad at a cost of $140,000, with an additional $25,000 for furnishings. The building materials came from Yellowstone National Park itself. Pacific salmon spend most of their lives in the ocean, returning to freshwater to spawn. The are common and widespread in Canada and northern United States. They range south in mountain areas. The precise number of species in this group are unknown because their appearance varies with the environment. Grizzly Bear - Ursus arctos horribilis - Despite the fact that Yellowstone National Park has an area of 3,472 square miles (2 million acres) more land is needed for Grizzly Bear habitat. Wapiti (Elk) - Cervus elaphus - Seasonal elk range and migration routes in and out of Yellowstone National Park. Wapiti is an Indian word for white, a reference to the light color on the rump. Trumpeter Swan - Cygnus buccinator – Killdeer - Charadrius vociferus – Moose - Alces alces, the largest members of the deer family. Bison (Buffalo) Bison bison - Buffalo once grazed the continent from the Rocky Mountains of the West as far east as Georgia. They were hunted nearly to extinction. Yellowstone has over 200 active geysers ﾐ the greatest concentration in the world ﾐ and around 3000 hot springs. Petrified Trees - Specimen Ridge - Yellowstone Yellowstone Fires 1988 Clear Cutting Forest - Outside the boundary of Yellowstone National Park Stephen Tyng Mather -1867 - 1930First Director of the National Park Service former journalist then industrialist (Twenty Mule Team Borax) and Sierra Club member who wrote Secretary Interior Franklin Lane about problems in Yosemite National Park in 1914. The following is from Reader’s, Digest Scenic Wonders of America: “A New Yorker, the well-traveled, wilderness-loving Frederick Law Olmsted, the landscape architect who designed Central Park (and many other city parks), provided the impetus for the first step toward a national park system. After a pleasure trip to Yosemite Valley more than a century ago, he and a group of associates persuaded Congress to pass a bill, which President Lincoln signed in 1864, preserving Yosemite Valley “for public use, resort and recreation.” Map to Grand Teton National Park - The designation and development of Grand Teton National Park is very different from that of Yellowstone. All parks have their own story and all are different. Grand Teton Mountains (Jackson Hole) Middle Rockies Section, Rocky Mountain Physiographic Province • Mountain Men - John Colter - Jim Bridger - Jedediah Smith - David Jackson • 1822 - John Jacob Astor’s, American Fur Co. newspaper advertisement “wishes to engage 100 young men to ascend the Missouri” - The great beaver bonanza - $6.00 per pelt - $1000 per yr. - but, cost of supplies at summer rendezvous • Grand Teton National Park – 1924 Horace Albright took John D. Rockefeller to Jackson Hole and adjacent Grand Teton – 1927 Snake River Land Co. – 1929 Teton Mountains National Park – 1943 Grand Teton National Monument - Harold Ickes & Franklin Delano Roosevelt vetoed a bill to prevent a Grand Teton National Monument 1950 The “New” Grand Teton National Monument See (http://www.grand.teton.national-park.com/info.htm#hist) for a good history of the establishment of Grand Teton National Park. Mountain Men - Jim Bridger 1822 - John Jacob Astor's American Fur Co. newspaper advertisement - "Wishes to engage 100 young men to ascend the Missouri" - The great beaver bonanza - $6.00 per pelt - $1000 per yr. - but, cost of supplies at summer rendezvous. Travelers who know the Sierra Nevada in California are struck by the similarity between its abrupt eastern drop-off and the form of Grand Teton. Actually, the two mountain systems were formed in the same manner. Both mountain blocks were tilted sharply upward, with steep eastern escarpments. Grand Teton National Park evolved over time and a lot of conflict between locals opposed to the Park and the National interest to establish protection of the landscape. The first Grand Teton National Park was established by Congress in 1929. This park included only the Teton Range and eight glacial lakes at the base of the mountains. The economics of the time helped establish this first park. Jackson Hole National Monument was established in 1943 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt included Teton National Forest acreage, other federal Properties including Jackson Lake and 35,000 acres donated by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. although these lands remained private until December 16, 1949 because of controversy. In 1950 the “New” Grand Teton National Park brought together the original 1929 Park and the 1943 National Monument with the Rockefeller donation. The John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Parkway was established in 1972 connecting Grand Teton National Park with Yellowstone. Two main features lie within the park boundaries: the eastern half of the Teton Range and the flat valley of Jackson Hole ("valley" in fur trader slang). The western boundary meanders along the crest of a range that slopes to the west. The steep east face of the Grand Tetons rise 6,000 feet above the valley floor. The“hole”at Jackson Hole - Grand Teton, WY. Time Line of History for Grand Teton 1872 - Yellowstone National Park 1897 - Colonel S.B.M. Young, acting Superintendent of Yellowstone, proposed expanding Yellowstone’s boundaries southward for the protection of migrating elk herds. 1898 - Charles D. Walcott, head of the U.S. Geological Survey, made a proposal protect the Teton Range and the northern Jackson Hole. 1915 - Stephen Tyng Mathers accepted the position of directing head of the nation parks from Secretary of Interior Franklin K. Lane (Mathers wrote an irate letter about Sequoia and Yosemite and problems with cattle grazing inside the parks). – 160 Acres too Much or too Little - 1 Section = 640 Acres Thomas Moran and his daughters at the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, circa 1910. From 1899 to 1920 Moran spent nearly every winter at the Grand Canyon. Thomas Moran logo. (1837 - 1926) Thomas Moran - The Grand Canyon of the Colorado: Thomas Moran, 1892, for the Santa Fe Railroad. - Rapids on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon Mather Point, South Rim Grand Canyon National Park Bright Angel Trail on the Tonto Plateau from the South Rim, Grand Canyon. Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter (1869 - 1958) Interior Designer - Architect The fact that all of Colter ﾕ s Grand Canyon buildings still stand and serve historic functions is testament to the high esteem others have held for her work. Hermits Rest (1914) Watchtower (1932) The Lookout (1914) Bright Angel Lodge (1935) El Tovar interior (1905) Hopi House (1905) Victor Hall (1936) Colter Hall (1937) Colter shows off a set of necklaces at the preview party for the Laboratory of Anthropology (Santa Fe, NM) exhibition of her jewelry. Hopi House, Grand Canyon National Park by Mary Colter. She did not copy history but fashioned her environments from their essence. Lookout Studio - South Rim Grand Canyon Mimbres Pottery motifs inspired Mary Colter ﾕ s Super Chief china design South Rim - Winter - Grand Canyon National Park Gifford Pinchot and John Muir were fast friends in 1896 while they were working together with the National Forestry Commission. The Commission went to Arizona’s Grand Canyon for a meeting and the two friends left the group to sleep outside near the rim of the canyon. Pinchot wrote about that night in freezing weather. “ We made our beds of cedar boughs in a thick stand that kept the wind away, and there he talked till midnight. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since.” This was almost the last time the two were friends. President Theodore Roosevelt: Devils Tower, Wyoming (Great Plains Physiographic Province) became our first National Monument by a declaration of President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. The President used the Antiquities Act for this declaration. In 1908 a canny speculator who later became a Senator recognized the tourism potential of the Grand Canyon and sought to control access to the Canyon’s spectacular views by acquiring a series of mining claims on the public domain lands of the Canyon. Although this would have been legal it was an alarming proposal to President Theodore Roosevelt who wanted to make the Canyon a National Park for all the people. However, there was not enough time to have the inspiring overlooks designated as a National Park so the President used a creative technique in applying the Antiquities Act of 1906. Congress passed this Act that gave the President the power to create “National Monuments” for the preservation of “historic landmarks…and other objects of historic or scientific interest.” Twelve years after Roosevelt’s death the United States supreme Court upheld the President’s declaration of Grand Canyon National Monument. California Condor, Gymnogyps californianus John Wesley Powell ﾕ s F Battery - Shiloh National Military Park - Site of the Battle of Shiloh, April 1862, where Powell lost his arm. - Tennessee (Coastal Plain)Early Military Field Hospital Classification of lands into three types: 1. Irrigatable, 2. Forested, 3. Pasture. Music Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904) Czech Symphony No. 9 in E Minor, Op. 95 “From the New World” Largo - Second Movement “Goin’ Home” • Ferde Grofe (1892-1972) “Grand Canyon Suite” - 1931 • Paul Winters “Canyon” ‘River Run’ ________________________________________________________________________ In 1891 Mrs. Jeanette M. Thurber invited Dvorak to become the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York City at a salary of $15,000 a year, with four months off. He was not interested at first but changed his mind because of the benefits. He arrived in New York in 1892. Bring world-wide renown to the institution. Create an American national school of composition. Dvorak’s attention was drawn to the music of African Americans by Harry T. Burleigh, a talented black student at the National Conservatory who sang for him. He was also interested in the Native American music and the music of American birds. Spillvill Iowa a Czech settlement Central Lowlands Physiographic Province Iroquois (Kickapoo) Indians ‘From the New World’ first performed in Carnegie Hall on December 15, 1893. Controversy – It was based entirely on African American themes. No, it was based on Indian themes. No, it was completely Czech. “I am satisfied that the future music of this country must be founded upon what are called the Negro melodies. These can be the foundation of a serious and original school of composition, to be developed in the United States. When first I came here I was impressed with this idea, and it has developed into a settled conviction. These beautiful and varied themes are the product of the soil. They are American. They are the folksongs of America, and your composers must turn to them. All the great musicians have borrowed from the songs of the common people.” – Dvorak An Adagio introduction in the first movement gives way to a rhythmic Allegro molto. The Largo second movement features the tremendously popular ‘Goin’ Home’ theme. The Scherzo, marked Molto vivace, can be heard as entirely Czech in nature or, as some do, as an Indian dance with chanting and singing. The Finale, Allegro con fuoco, presents not only its own but some themes from the earlier movements as well. Ferde Grofe (1892-1972) Ferde Grofe was born in New York City on March 27, 1982 and died on April 3, 1972. He was an American composer, pianist, and arranger. For ten years he was a violist in the Los Angeles Symphony and also played the piano and conducted in theaters and cafes. In 1920 he became the pianist-arranger in the Paul Whiteman band, and in 1924 he orchestrated Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue. Grofe is best known for his Grand Canyon Suite (1931) for orchestra. Many of his works incorporate nonmusical elements, such as the sound of jackhammers and sirens. Paul Winters Winters was first in the Grand Canyon in 1963. In 1980 he came back for two weeks and traveled 279 river miles and returned the next five years for shorter visits. Canyon - River Run Grand Canyon Sunrise Morning Echoes Bright Angel