Public Administration and Policy: Key Concepts and Definitions, Quizzes of Introduction to Public Administration

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TERM 1 public administration DEFINITION 1 the process of translating public policies into resultsit is about administering the law and balancing political values that lie behind the laws TERM 2 bureaucrats DEFINITION 2 officials in a government department concerned with procedures being carried out at the expense of peoples' needsmillions of non-elected professional employees TERM 3 The Pendleton Act DEFINITION 3 a U.S. federal law passed in 1883 stating that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation TERM 4 The Administrative State DEFINITION 4 the rising power of the bureaucracypublic administration is its own political theory and entity TERM 5 red tape DEFINITION 5 describes slicing through paperwork to solve real problemsexcessive rules and regulations you have to obtain and follow in order to get stuff doneit may in some way hinder effectiveness of bureaucracyis relative to your perspective TERM 6 responsibility DEFINITION 6 duty to perform an action, event, or task TERM 7 accountability DEFINITION 7 process of holding administration responsiblea relationship between people about actions TERM 8 fiscal accountability DEFINITION 8 seeking to ensure that agency officials spend money on the programs they are charged with managing and only those programswant to make sure money is spent according to the law and is not wasted TERM 9 process accountability DEFINITION 9 concerned with HOW agencies perform their tasks TERM 10 program accountability DEFINITION 10 is a public program achieving its purpose as defined by law? do these programs actually work? TERM 21 tax expenditure DEFINITION 21 INDIRECT TOOLSa government spending through the tax code (marriage, green initiatives) to encourage a certain behavior TERM 22 voucher DEFINITION 22 INDIRECT TOOLSentitles the holder to a discount or that may be exchanged for goods and services TERM 23 The Delegation Problem DEFINITION 23 means that there is a certain reliance on the federal government to give out these toolsstates can become over- reliant on the government for assistancethis is a dependence issue TERM 24 The Hollow State DEFINITION 24 a metaphor for the increasing use of third parties, often non- profits, to deliver social services and generally act in the name of the statethese are networksmanagerial problems: stability, contract problemsinformation asymmetry TERM 25 Principal-Agent Theory DEFINITION 25 depends on your frame of referencea very complex idea and you need to know where you are startingcontractors tend to be the ones who are actually doing the work TERM 26 government DEFINITION 26 the formal institution of the state built on an administrative idea TERM 27 governance DEFINITION 27 more of a functional term concerned with creating conditions for which we can actually affect change TERM 28 transaction costs DEFINITION 28 when an action is taken, we may have to give something up to get something backthe rules and regulations of what is involved that must be agreed upon with both partiesvery difficult to measure because they are not on the books and because contracts are not fully predictable TERM 29 hierarchical/structural DEFINITION 29 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURESchain of authoritytop-down delegation of authority from higher officials to lower ones TERM 30 classic DEFINITION 30 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURESthere is a clear chain of authority, accountability, and responsibilityleader is a key figure that drives everything underneathauthority = enforcementFiner would have loved this TERM 31 BUREAUCRATIC rational/legal DEFINITION 31 founded by Max Weberwritten into the laws themselvesnot just a desire, we are looking at the form of bureaucracya world viewrule of lawactually written in the books TERM 32 BUREAUCRATIC traditional DEFINITION 32 founded by Max Weberthing that have been built into the systemnot written downthings that have already existed TERM 33 BUREAUCRATIC charismatic DEFINITION 33 founded by Max Weberthose in authority who draw people to them because of their traitspersonal devotion to an individual because of exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character TERM 34 systems DEFINITION 34 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURESlooking at a set of interrelated parts TERM 35 closed system DEFINITION 35 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES: systemsthe idea that we are going to focus on the internal itselfnothing externally can affect the internal aspects of an organization TERM 46 government by proxy DEFINITION 46 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREShaving others do the work of government for the governmentcontracting firmsprivatization TERM 47 network analysis DEFINITION 47 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES: gov. by proxyorganizations help one another because they discover that collaboration advances their own gials as wellimplementation TERM 48 co-production DEFINITION 48 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES: gov. by proxyidea that the people we are serving can be both client and stakeholderusing people to serve themselves TERM 49 formal DEFINITION 49 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURESthe formality of how government worksthere is a need that needs to be carried out by someone TERM 50 principal-agent DEFINITION 50 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES: formaldetails the contracts between superiors and subordinatessince they only operate through contracts, results will only be as good as the contracts TERM 51 direct approach DEFINITION 51 looks at specific mandates and missionsessentially going into the problem and attacking it directlyused when goals are unclear TERM 52 goal approach DEFINITION 52 focusing on broad goals, objectives, and missions TERM 53 scenario/vision approach DEFINITION 53 problem solving based on what the future can be TERM 54 contingency leadership DEFINITION 54 how well a leader can deal with certain situational variables that may arisefocusing on all the potential variables this leader may have to deal withthings that are outside of a leader's personality TERM 55 transformational leadership DEFINITION 55 emphasis on leaders who can create changebeing able to re- energize various things to solve a problem"rally the troops" TERM 56 servant leadership DEFINITION 56 focus on ethical responsibilitiestends to focus on legalities and making sure your citizens are being served in a certain way TERM 57 traits leadership DEFINITION 57 looking at the leader's natural and physical traits TERM 58 agency DEFINITION 58 a division of government responsible for carrying out specific tasks that tend to be delegated TERM 59 cabinet DEFINITION 59 a group of advisers to the presidentdepartment heads TERM 60 independent agency DEFINITION 60 governmental organizations that exist separately from the cabinet departmentsnot dependent on the head of government elements of constitutional statute that gives it certain control to solve certain problems [rule-making power]; FDA, EPA, CIA, NASA TERM 71 usability DEFINITION 71 ICTsthe design of technologies is in such a way that are intuitive and allow users to engage in content embedded within the technology and are up-to-date TERM 72 accessibility DEFINITION 72 ICTsthe ability of people with disabilities to be able to access the content through adaptive technologies TERM 73 functionality DEFINITION 73 ICTsthe design of the technologies to include features that users desirebeing able to search & e-government tracking TERM 74 transparency DEFINITION 74 thinking about if the government actually lines upholding the government accountable TERM 75 fiscal policy DEFINITION 75 the means by which government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy TERM 76 Keynesian Economics DEFINITION 76 focuses on short-term gains, making sure we intervene and solve immediate problems in the economy TERM 77 fiscal year (FY) DEFINITION 77 the time frame that the budget is made on which runs from October 1st to September 30th TERM 78 budget DEFINITION 78 lists revenues and expenditures during a year TERM 79 revenue DEFINITION 79 receiving income through taxes TERM 80 expenditure DEFINITION 80 usually considered an expense that is an outflow of moneycan also be putting money into something that has a net gain or benefita combination of cost and expense (monetary & non-monetary) TERM 81 cost DEFINITION 81 what you have to give up in order to get something in return TERM 82 expense DEFINITION 82 cost required to get something TERM 83 cost-benefit analysis (CBA) DEFINITION 83 forming a budget that consists of every single expenditure within our government every dayincludes the costs that the government must spend related to whether or not we are getting any benefit from itwant benefits to outweigh the costs TERM 84 cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) DEFINITION 84 a comparison of cost and effect between two or more policies (considering the outcomes) to come to a decision on what is most effectivewant effectiveness to exceed the costs we are putting into something TERM 85 surplus DEFINITION 85 an overabundance of goods with more coming in than going outmore revenues than expenditures TERM 96 The Budgeting and Accounting Act of 1921 DEFINITION 96 established the framework for the modern federal budget and puts into law the importance of making the budgetcreated: the OMB and GAO TERM 97 Government Accountability Office (GAO) DEFINITION 97 non-partisan audit firm created by the Budgeting and Accounting Act of 1921 TERM 98 The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 DEFINITION 98 defined the role of how Congress would use the budgetcreated: CBO TERM 99 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) DEFINITION 99 staffing mechanism to research all decisions affecting revenues and expenditures made in regards to the budget TERM 100 top-down budgeting DEFINITION 100 the idea that there is an executive at all levels of government who have to make decisions, theories, or acts in decision making with authorities TERM 101 bottom-up budgeting DEFINITION 101 the idea of incrementalism: making small changes over time / gragually TERM 102 zero-based budgeting DEFINITION 102 where you have a budget that is reset to zero every yearcan counter incrementalism and is not necessarily feasiblebrought to GA by Jimmy Carter TERM 103 Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) DEFINITION 103 a tool that ties an agency's effectiveness with the budget TERM 104 rule of anticipated reaction DEFINITION 104 adapting budget and recommendations according to what might happen in the futureconcerns about over-performing: will be expected to perform at that same standard in the coming years TERM 105 budget committee DEFINITION 105 works on the budget and takes responsibility in that resources are allocated efficientlyvery important because this guides policy making TERM 106 authorization DEFINITION 106 a written assessment or rule / passage of law about what the appropriation is going to be TERM 107 appropriation DEFINITION 107 actually committing the money to a causealso, the actual committed money to be used for a specific documented purpose TERM 108 budget authority DEFINITION 108 the broad responsibility taken on by Congress that empowers government agencies to spend federal fundsexercise of power TERM 109 capital budgeting DEFINITION 109 the planning process used to determine whether or not an organization's long-term investments (new machinery, replacement of machinery, new plants, products, etc.) are worth the funding of cash through the firm's capitalization structureessentially, separating future capital investments from what is actually happening right now TERM 110 balanced budget DEFINITION 110 a budget where revenues = expendituresneither a deficit or a surplus TERM 121 capture DEFINITION 121 being impacted strongly by another groupa use of influence by entities to shape all administrative rules and regulations TERM 122 precedent DEFINITION 122 an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in similar circumstances TERM 123 quasi DEFINITION 123 partial, or almost TERM 124 adjudication DEFINITION 124 a basic regulatory approach used by administrative agencies where administrative law judges within agencies hear individual cases and develop a body of rulesformulating an order that is "on the record" TERM 125 interpretive rule DEFINITION 125 three major questions agencies must ask:1. Do they consider the rule to be interpretive themselves?2. Does it remind them of pre-existing duties?3. Is the rule independent of the statute or not?- if it is independent (exists outside the statutory authority) then it is probably a NEW rule TERM 126 order DEFINITION 126 a whole or part of a dispositionmaking a determination based on fact TERM 127 "on the record" DEFINITION 127 one or more persons must be presenttaking in evidence TERM 128 hearing DEFINITION 128 taking in evidence TERM 129 administrative law judge (ALJ) DEFINITION 129 someone who receives evidence, compares it to existing rules and regulations, and accepts or deniesnot usually the first person to oversee but does have the final decision TERM 130 initial decision maker DEFINITION 130 receives the evidence before the ALJ and makes a decision TERM 131 due process DEFINITION 131 the rule that a legal case must be done in a way that protects the rights of all people involved TERM 132 Mathews Balancing Test DEFINITION 132 determines whether or not a hearing should actually occuronly run if it has been decided that the person gets due processa cost-benefit analysis in administrative law TERM 133 rulemaking unless DEFINITION 133 1. Military or foreign affairs2. Agency management or personnel issues like public property, loans, grants, benefits, or contractsREQUIRED BY STATUTE3. Interpretive rules like statements of policy or organizational / procedural rules4. Good cause that makes notice and comment impractical5. "On the Record" meaning that it needs to happen in front of someone, it needs to be written down