Midterm Study Guide - Appreciation Of Architecture I | ARCH 2401, Study notes of Architecture

Download Midterm Study Guide - Appreciation Of Architecture I | ARCH 2401 and more Study notes Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! ARCH 2401 Midterm Study Guide Responsive: What are the two laws that govern architecture? The laws of poetry and geometry Global standing stones versus the primitive hut: how do they differ in programmatic function? There were many reasons to stand stone, from telling time and the use of a calendar, such as, Stonehenge, to just showing one's ability to stand stones, while the primitive hut, by Laugier, was specifically meant for shelter and survival. Laugier: What are the three essential parts of an architectural order? What are faults that he finds possible for each? The three essential parts of an architectural order according to Laugier are the column, the entablature, and the pediment. Faults with columns consist of: 1. The faults with the column occur when "instead of standing free, are engaged in the wall," meaning that the column is a beautiful piece on its own, there is no need for anything to cover it. 2. Another fault with columns is "when instead of round columns pilasters are used." We must remember that nothing in nature is made square. Why is this a fault? Because it's not natural. The odd edges are uncomfortable to the eye. Laugier feels as though if there is a pilasters, a column could always be used for advantageously. 3. "To give a swelling to the shaft at about the third of its height instead of tapering the column in the normal way" is the third fault. 4. "When columns, instead of resting directly on the ground, are raised on pedestals. Since the columns are, if I may say so, the legs of a building, it is absurd to give them another pair of legs." Faults with the entablature consist of: 1. "Instead of giving the entablature the form of a true beam carried sole by the free-standing columns, to support it by wide arches, a far too common practice in our churches and elsewhere." Random thought: Arches are just plain stupid to Laugier. Most things that Laugier finds at fault are things that aren't found in nature. 2. "When the line of the entablature is not straight but is broken by angles and projections. The entablature represents the long piece of wood meant to carry the roofing. Would anybody ever have the idea, an extremely ridiculous one, of making this piece of projections and recesses?" Fault with the pediment consist of: 1. "To erect the pediment on the long side of a building. Since the pediment represents the gable of a roof, it must be placed so as to conform to the thing it represents." 2. "To make pediments that are not triangular," obviously because that's the natural way to go. 3. "To pile pediments on top of each other. Nothing is more absurd than this practice. The pediment below implies a roof, the pediment above again implies a roof; so there are two roofs one over the other." Who is the author of the image of the Vitruivian Man? The drawing of the Vitruvian Man uses the ideal proportions of which early architect? Leonardo da Vinci. The drawing depicts a man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes referred to as the Canon of Proportions or Proportions of Man. The drawing uses the ideals of Vitruvius, an architect that can be considered the first architect who stated that the ideal body should be eight heads high. How is an image in perspective different from a plan, section, or an elevation? Perspective has no sort of scale. A plan is a view from above. A section is a vertical plane cut through the object. It is similar to a floor plan, except that the cut is horizontal to see the insides. An elevation is a view of the building seen from one side, a flat representation of one façade. Located in Rome, what building is the first example of concrete that is still standing? The Pantheon is the first example of concrete being used as a building material. The dome allowed for circulation of air where hot air rose and cold air sank. In 1748 the Nolli plan was drawn of Rome, what information does it illustrate? What simplified version do we often use today for architectural representations of cities? How are they different? The Nolli plan drawn in Rome represents private and open space. The open space is areas throughout Rome where people are free to wonder, and it was so that people felt closer to the Pope. Churches are examples of the open space on the Nolli Plan. Figure Ground is the term used today for architectural representations of cities. They are different in that it shoes open space as well, but the open space is not considered "public" space. Delirious New York: Rem Koolhaas What people initially settled the “isle of Manhatta”? The Dutch were the ones who initially settled the "isle of Manhatta." What “two dimensional discipline” formally regulates the island of Manhattan? The "two dimensional disciplines" that formally regulates the island of Manhattan are the set-backs rendered by Hugh Farris, and the Grid. How does it affect potential forms and spaces created by architects? It would test the creativity of architects because there isn't much land, so buildings would have to grow vertically. What landscape was allocated to prevent the continuation of growing urban issues? What were these issues of city life? City Park was created to prevent the continuation of growing urban issues. These issues consisted of a lack of sunlight, pollution, and people were literally becoming sick. Koolhass refers to Manhattan as a theatre of what? Koolhass refers to Manhattan as a theatre of progress. What single invention led to the growth of skyscrapers? The elevator created by Otis allowed for the growth of skyscrapers. In what newly independent city/country did Corbusier attempt to provide a new built environment following these visionary ideologies? When India gained its new found independence, Corbusier attempted to provide a new built environment that is now known as Chandigarh, India. It was not very successful because of India's weather, and the buildings were built of concrete. This is an example of how Corbusier's plans never took in to opinion the surroundings and distinct situations. Koolhass and Tschumi both produced entries for the Parc de la Villete competition in Paris. How are they alike and different? Both architects incorporated uses of geometry into their designs. Koolhass has somewhat of a different image by having a linear landscape. Tschumi wanted to color-code his buildings. The Barbican Complex in London was designed to provide a new city center following the Blitzkrieg of WWII. What programmatic magnets were provided to attract new residents to the city? Some of the magnets of the Barbican Complex would be that all necessities are easily accessible, such as, grocery stores, a park, an education, etc. The US also began to post war responses for the city. What northeastern town is considered to be the birthplace of suburbia? The northeastern town called Levitt Town is the US's response to WWII. The architecture sold the idea that everyone can be happy with their house, which consists of a one car garage, front yard, back yard, etc. How did the Royal Saltworks employ geometry to regulate the behavior of the inhabitants/employees? The Royal Saltworks was built in a circular shape with buildings in the middle. This regulates the behavior or inhabitants/employees because all their actions can be watched by the Forman living in the house in the middle. The idea is that if one wants to enjoy themselves outside, he or she will be in the middle of the complex for all to see. Foucault's Panopticon was a suggested architectural model for what programmatic functions/uses? Panopticon was suggested to use as schools, hospitals, and prisons. The boss or overseer would be at the top of the building. This architecture was meant to control behavior. The Olympics Herzog and de Meuron employs what architectural system to create the form of the Birds Nest in Beijing? Who is the architect of the CCTV building that was completed just prior to the Beijing Olympics? Herzog and de Meuron employs the architectural system of using structure to create a view to form the Bird's Nest in Beijing. Rem Koolhass is the architect who designed the CCTV building. The cantilever was supported by an innovative structural system. The city of London won the bid for the 2012 Olympics by proposing a "legacy landscape" for the site. How will the buildings/park be retrofitted after the games? Who is the architect of the swimming complex? London took the industrial waste land to transform it for the event, but the bigger plan was what was supposed to happen after the Olympics have ended. The buildings will be retrofitted to be used on a regular bases after the games. Zaha was the architect of the swimming complex. It was transformed into a soccer field, and the ceiling was removed. How did the Situationist International use drawing to communicate their experience of the city? Maps were drawn, similar to a figure ground drawing, of the interesting areas of discovery, but where there was no interest, red areas are used to point in the direction of greater interest. It is the idea that it's not even worth locating. What are two "gestures" did the group employ in their explorations? What did they mean by the derive and detournemont? What groups "resident architect," Constant, proposed a city of what in his New Babylon? Derive means a drift, people wandering through city's and wing repulsed by things that are hateful. The buildings guide you to see the city in a different way. Detournemont means to be cut up or a collage. It is the reusing of an original image. They put pats of things together to see the world in a new world.