Download Geology 101: Minerals, Rocks, and Earth Formation and more Study notes Geology in PDF only on Docsity! Minerals Rocks Dating: Radiodecay and paleontology Rock deformation: Folds, faults, brittle vs. ductile Field techniques Planetary formation Plate tectonics Earthquakes Volcanoes Formation of continents Rivers Deserts Glaciers Coastlines Climate and weather Docsity.com 5. The atomic structure of minerals Silicon Aluminum Iron Magnesium Iron Sodium Calcium Potassium CATIONS (Si4+) (Al3+) (Fe3+) (Mg2+) (Fe2+) (Na+) (Ca2+) (K+) 0.27 0.53 0.65 0.72 0.73 0.99 1.00 1.38 Oxygen Chloride Sulfide (O2-) (Cl-) (S2-) ANIONS 1.40 1.81 1.84 Docsity.com 0 400 650 2,700 2,890 5,150 6,378 Subduction zone Crust and lithosphere Midocean ridges Shallow mantle D ep th (k ilo m et er s) 100% Igneous 100% Metamorphic? 12% Sedimentary 44% Metamorphic 44% Igneous Lower mantle Transition region (basaltic magmas source) D" Layers Outer core (molten) Inner core (solid) Docsity.com 12.001 in 30 minutes Minerals Rocks Dating: Radiodecay and paleontology Rock deformation: Folds, faults, brittle vs. ductile Field techniques Planetary formation Plate tectonics Earthquakes Volcanoes Formation of continents Rivers Deserts Glaciers Coastlines Climate and weather Docsity.com Is this the world’s oldest known fossil? Is it an ancient cyanobacteria, or a partially-resorbed inorganic mineral grain? It was found in the 3.465 Ga Apex chert in western Australia. Schopf (1992, 1993) Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Docsity.com 12.001 in 30 minutes Minerals Rocks Dating: Radiodecay and paleontology Rock deformation: Folds, faults, brittle vs. ductile Field techniques Planetary formation Plate tectonics Earthquakes Volcanoes Formation of continents Rivers Deserts Glaciers Coastlines Climate and weather Docsity.com D" ? 670 km 2900 km 0 km Conti nent Oceanic Isla nd Midocean Ridge Back Arc Core Mantle Docsity.com 'A' Surface dx dz Y Z F U Key Numbers or Calculations 'A' Top layer surface 'F' Constant force 'γ' Shear strain γ = 'τ' Shear stress 'η' Viscosity (constant) 'u' Velocity 'γ' Shear rate dx dz γη = τ τ = limF A->oA Sh ea r s tre ss τ Sh ea r s tre ss τ Sh ea r s tre ss τ Sh ea r s tre ss τ Shear rate γ Shear rate γ Shear rate γShear rate γ Newtonian Model Power Law Model Bingham Plastic Model Herschel-Bulkley Model Rheological Models Docsity.com Harmen Bijwaard, Utrecht Courtesy of Harmen Bijwaard. Used with permission. Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. Docsity.com 12.001 in 30 minutes Minerals Rocks Dating: Radiodecay and paleontology Rock deformation: Folds, faults, brittle vs. ductile Field techniques Planetary formation Plate tectonics Earthquakes Volcanoes Formation of continents Rivers Deserts Glaciers Coastlines Climate and weather Docsity.com
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12.001 in 30 minutes Minerals Rocks Dating: Radiodecay and paleontology Rock deformation: Folds, faults, brittle vs. ductile Field techniques Planetary formation Plate tectonics Earthquakes Volcanoes Formation of continents Rivers Deserts Glaciers Coastlines Climate and weather Docsity.com Docsity.com
