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Mise en Scène Analysis: An In-depth Guide to Film Visual Language, Lecture notes of Design

A comprehensive guide to Mise en Scène analysis, a critical approach to understanding the visual language of films. It covers various elements such as light, composition, camera angles, and character placement. Examining individual frames is discussed, but it's emphasized that this is an unintended way to look at films. The document also touches upon the importance of considering context and narrative when analyzing mise en scène.

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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Download Mise en Scène Analysis: An In-depth Guide to Film Visual Language and more Lecture notes Design in PDF only on Docsity! This  study  sheet  accompanies  (and  draws  heavily  from)  the  Louis  Gianetti  Text,  Understanding  Movies,  12th  Edition,  with  additional  contributions  from  the  ISP  IB  Film  II  class  of  2011.   THE  QUICK  &  DIRECT  GUIDE  TO   Mise en scène Analysis  Mise  en  scéne  Defined:      Though  originally  a  theatrical  term  to  describe  the  arrangement  of  elements  on  stage  or   quite  literally  –  “put  into  the  scene,”  for  the  sake  of  film  discussion,  let’s  approach  a  definition  of  mise  en  scéne   (pronounced  “meez  on  sen”)  it  this  way:    The  appearance  and  arrangement  of  all  the  visual  elements  within  the   given  playing  area  (in  this  case,  the  frame)  to  evoke  meaning.     • Unlike  theatre,  the  filmmaker  takes  a  3-­‐Dimensional  Space  -­‐  an  arrangement  of  characters  and  objects  -­‐  and   flattens  this  mise  en  scéne  into  a  flattened  2-­‐D  space.      The  resulting  projection  is  then  shown  to  an  audience  in   still  an  additional  space,  and  thus  carries  an  audience  to  a  world  and  point-­‐of-­‐view  far  from  the  theater  confines.   • Many  elements  of  mise  en  scéne  can  be  addressed  (and  are  often  best  addressed)  examining  still  frames.   However,  Film  is  Dynamic  –  never  “still.”    Examining  individual  frames,  thus,  represents  a  false  and  unintended   way  of  looking  at  film.    So  don’t  let  your  search  for  stop-­‐motion  meaning  trump  the  intrinsic  understanding  that   comes  out  of  the  context  of  fluid  (intended)  watching  of  a  film  as  it  moves  naturally  from  shot  to  shot.     • Mise  en  scéne  analysis  considers  many  elements  of  the  visual  language  of  film.    It  is  never  necessary  to  address  all   15  of  these  approaches  for  any  single  shot  (though  you  technically  could).    More  importantly,  consider  and  explore   the  most  apparent  elements  –  those  that  contribute  most  heavily  to  the  meaning  presented  by  the  shots.      01.  The  Dominant:      What  is  the  eye  attracted  to  first?    Why?     • The  Dominant  stands  out  in  some  kind  of  isolation  from  the  other  elements  within  the  image.     • In  Black  &  White  films,  this  is  most  often  achieved  through  the  juxtaposition  of  light  and  dark  –  where  the   brightest  and  harshest  elements  jump  out  before  those  with  more  subdued  lighting. • Color  Films  generally  draw  attention  to  the  dominant  through  a  highly  contrasting  or  symbolic  color. • In  both,  MOVEMENT  is  a  primary  attraction  to  the  dominant  (especially  when  other  elements  are  static). • Dominants  may  jump  out  for  other  reasons:    Central  Position,  Lines  of  Perspective  that  lead  to  an  area  of  the   frame,  relative  size  to  other  objects,  or  any  other  characteristic  that  creates  CONTRAST  against  non-­‐dominants.      02.  Subsidiary  Contrasts:      What  are  the  main  eye-­‐stoppers  that  attract  us  after  taking  in  The  Dominant?    Why?     • After  the  dominant,  the  audience’s  eye  then  “travels”  to  subsidiary  contrasts,  which  will  stand  out  for  the  same   reasons  listed  above  (only  less  so  than  the  dominant).     • This  is  rarely  accidental  –  even  though  many  directors  and  cinematographers  accomplish  such  a  narrative-­‐en-­‐scène   instinctively  without  even  realizing  it.       • Intrinsic  Interest  can  also  be  a  heavier  influence  on  where  our  eyes  travel.    Because  we  know  the  story,  or   recognize  the  context  of  objects  an  people  in  the  frame,  our  eyes  may  be  drawn  to  elements  that  are  NOT   necessarily  jumping  out  at  us  for  visual  reasons.    (ex:    a  set  of  keys  in  a  car  ignition  when  the  driver  is  locked  out)   • Due  to  this  “traveling”  from  subsidiary  to  subsidiary,  one  can  thus  conclude  that  movement  within  the  frame  is  not   limited  only  to  objects  and  people  that  are  literally  in  motion.        03.  Lighting  Key  &  Lighting  Quality:      Key  references  the  relationship  of  Light  and  Shadow  (Evenly  Lit    vs.  Higher   Contrast  lighting  designs).    Quality  references  the  fall-­‐off  of  light  as  we  move  from  object  to  object.      It  concerns  the   hard  vs.  soft  divisions  between  areas  of  light  and  areas  of  darkness.    Light  can  be  described  in  the  following  terms:     • Realistic  Lighting  Design:    Sources  and  Spill  patterns  seem  REAL,  as  if  practical  (everyday)  lights  were  used.   This  study  sheet  accompanies  (and  draws  heavily  from)  the  Louis  Gianetti  Text,  Understanding  Movies,  12th  Edition,  with  additional  contributions  from  the  ISP  IB  Film  II  class  of  2011.   Realistic  lighting  is  usually  not  worth  heavy  analysis,  unless  to  emphasize  the  Cinema  Verité  /  Documentary  look.   • Pictorial  Lighting  Design:    Drawing  from  the  theory  of  formalism.  The  light  is  manipulated  for  mood  with  less   attention  to  whether  it  is  likely  (or  even  possible)  in  the  dramatic  situation.    Painting  with  light  for  visual  effect.   • The  Rig:  (1)  Key  Light  (strongest),  (2)  Fill  Light  (less  intensity,  fills  shadows),  (3)  Backlight  (rims  objects  with  a  “line   of  light”  from  behind,  separating  them  from  the  background,  (4)  Background  Lighting  (paints  the  set  for  mood)   • The  Lighting  Key:    High  Key  -­‐  Evenly  lit,  hit  by  multiple  key  lights,  a  realistic  and  seemingly  un-­‐formalistic  approach.     Often  the  case  outside,  or  in  comedy,  musical,  documentary,  and  seemingly  “non-­‐painterly”  genres.       • The  Lighting  Key:    Low  Key  –  Light  is  uneven,  with  ratio  of  the  intensity  (brightness)  of  illuminated  objects  to   shadows  of  2:1,  3:1,  5:1,  1:0  [Illuminated  objects  in  complete  darkness]  etc.      Low  key  is  reserved  for  drama,   horror,  and  thriller  genres,  or  scenes  and  character  depictions  designed  to  evoke  mood  or  tell  a  story  with  light.       • Consider  describing  the  light  as  Linear  (where  line  is  emphasized)  vs.  Painterly  (color,  mood,  haze  are  emphasized)   • The  Lighting  Quality:    (Contrast  and  Softness):    Does  the  light  have  a  Hard  Quality  (Harsh,  Linear)  or  Soft  Quality   (Diffused,  with  more  gradual  fall-­‐off  as  the  light  wraps  softly  around  objects  so  line  is  not  emphasized.)   • Is  there  any  Blowout?    Intentional  Overexposure?    What  might  this  mean?   • Has  a  filter  or  postproduction  produced  a  soft  Halo,  known  as  Diffusion  around  objects.    What  might  this  mean?      04.  Shot  Type  /  Camera  Proxemics:      What  types  of  shots  are  used?    What  is  the  distance  of  the  camera  (and  thus  the   audience)  from  the  action?      Both  Shots  and  characters  in  films  MOVE.    Note  that  the  meaning  may  lie  in  the  shift.     SHOTS  IN  REVIEW   Sure,  you  know  them,  but  if  you  merely  “I  Spy”  them,  you  are  wasting  your  time.      The   important  necessity  is  to  indicate  WHY  the  particular  framing  serves  the  purpose  of  the  moment.     • Long  Shot  (LS)      A  shot  that  shows  all  of  a  fairly  large  subject  (for  example,  a  person)  and  usually  much  of  the   surroundings.  This  is  useful  to  give  a  perspective  and  context  for  a  scene,  for  example,  a  long  shot  of  a  robot   framed  in  a  laboratory  would  give  a  different  interpretation  of  events  than  a  shot  of  the  same  robot  framed  in  an   elderly  home.   • Extreme  Long  Shot  (ELS)      Sometimes  used  as  an  establishing  shot:  In  this  type  of  shot  the  camera  is  at  its  furthest   distance  from  the  subject,  emphasizing  the  background  and  reducing  the  importance  of  the  subject.   • Establishing  Shot  (ES)      This  is  used  at  the  beginning  of  a  sequence  to  define  the  location  and  to  give  the  audience   a  perspective  on  the  action  to  come.     • Master  Shot  (MS)      Used  at  the  beginning  of  a  sequence  as  a  reference  point  for  the  rest  of  the  sequence  to   follow.  It  shows  the  composition  and  the  key  relationships  between  the  subjects  and  enables  the  audience  to   contextualize  the  action  before  it  happens.      It  tends  to  establish  the  180  Line  of  Action.   • Medium  Long  Shot  (MLS)      ln  the  case  of  a  standing  actor,  the  lower  frame  line  cuts  off  feet  and  ankles.    When   used,  character  gestures  and  movements  and  relations  with  other  characters  are  still  the  focus  (over  facial   expressions).   • Medium  Shot  (MS)    In  such  a  shot  the  subject  and  its  setting  occupy  roughly  equal  areas  in  the  frame.  In  the  case   of  the  standing  actor,  the  lower  frame  passes  around  the  waist.  More  body  language  can  be  seen  as  the  face,   chest  and  hands  are  in  frame  –  but  facial  expression  is  not  lost.   • Close-­‐Up  (CU)      A  picture,  which  shows  a  fairly  small  part  of  the  scene,  such  as  a  character's  face  and  neck  on  the   top  of  the  shoulders,  in  great  detail  so  that  it  fills  the  screen.  It  extracts  the  subject  from  the  context  (so  WHAT  IS   MORE  IMPORTANT?)  and  asks  that  the  audience  focus  on  the  delivery  or  receipt  of  ideas/dialogue/emotion.    This   is  all  about  character,  emotional  response,  and  REACTION  to  the  dramatic  situation.    In  any  case,  all  close-­‐ups   focus  on  emotions  or  reactions  and  emphasize  the  human  experience,  not  the  actions  or  surroundings  that   stimulate  that  experience.   • Point-­‐of-­‐View  Shot  (POV)      A  shot  made  from  a  camera  position  close  to  the  line  of  sight  of  a  subject,  to  imply  that   the  camera  is  'looking  with  their  eyes'.    This  can  be  effective  in  putting  us  into  the  shoes  of  the  character,  and  is   especially  useful  in  showing  us  a  defenseless  position,  where  we  can  see,  but  cannot  act.     This  study  sheet  accompanies  (and  draws  heavily  from)  the  Louis  Gianetti  Text,  Understanding  Movies,  12th  Edition,  with  additional  contributions  from  the  ISP  IB  Film  II  class  of  2011.        09.  Composition:      How  is  the  2-­‐Dimensional  space  within  the  frame  segmented  or  organized?    What  does  this  mean?     • WEIGHT  is  a  term  used  to  describe  the  variations  in  density  within  areas  of  the  frame.      Where  we  place  objects   and  characters  (increase  the  relative  weight)  can  tell  us  a  lot  about  their  narrative  situation  and  character.   • Placement  of  the  horizon  line  can  have  dramatic  effects  on  an  image.      It  is  rare  to  place  it  at  the  center  (as  the  sky   would  seem  too  powerfully  dominating  over  most  of  the  action).      Traditional  film  approaches  place  most  of  the   weight  at  the  bottom  of  the  frame,  with  objects  being  appropriately  grounded  beneath  a  present,  but  non-­‐ obtrusive  sky.    For  visual  effect,  many  epics  and  westerns  employ  the  opposite  effect  –  keeping  the  horizon  line   low  and  allowing  the  vast  sky  and  nature  to  excerpt  their  power  over  the  earth’s  stage  and  its  players.   • We  expect  dominant  visual  elements  to  be  centered  (and  the  realist  approach  to  filmmaking  often  keeps  this  as   the  norm),  but  formalists  often  intentionally  place  subjects  within  the  frame  to  invoke  a  higher  meaning.   • When  Up’s  and  Down’s  matter  (and  they  don’t  always  matter!)…  The  top  area  of  the  frame  suggests  power,   authority,  and  aspiration.    People  here  control  the  elements  below.    This  is  also  true  of  objects  (a  hill-­‐top  castle,  a   religious  relic  hung  high  on  a  wall).    The  areas  near  the  bottom  of  the  frame  suggest  subservience,  vulnerability,   and  powerlessness.    Elements  here  are  exploited  symbolically  to  suggest  inferiority.   • Objects  and  figures  on  the  edges  of  the  frame  are  closest  to  the  darkness,  to  the  outside.    They  are  deliberately   peripheral,  anonymous,  unnoticed,  and  perhaps  dangerous  or  otherwise  in  danger.    There  is  insecurity  at  the   edges  (as  if  they  run  the  risk  of  falling  out  of  the  film,  or  being  dominated  by  that  which  holds  the  central  ground.)   • And  don’t  forget  another  important  region  –  that  which  is  OUT-­‐OF-­‐FRAME.    For  objects  occupying  this  territory,   we  are  aware  of  their  presence  but  cannot  see  their  actions,  thus  making  the  character  or  element  all  the  more   dangerous,  impending.   • Finally  –  What  about  shapes  and  lines  in  the  blocking  of  characters  or  objects?      Both  Horizontal  Lines  (safety,  rest)   and  Vertical  Lines  (Power,  Authority,  Strength)  represent  stability,  while  Diagonal  Lines  imply  movement  and   insecurity  –  a  dynamic  shift  in  the  situation.        A  Circle  of  people  would  represent  Unity,  whereas  linear  or   widespread  staging  of  characters  might  suggest  personal  disassociation.      10.  Form:      Is  the  form  Open  or  Closed?    Does  the  image  suggest  a  window  that  arbitrarily  isolates  a  fragment  of  the   scene?    Or  a  proscenium  arch,  in  which  the  visual  elements  are  carefully  arranged  and  held  in  balance?     Open  Form   Closed  Form   More  Realist  –  The  shot  is  not  composed  /  “framed”     More  Formalist  -­‐  Conceived,  Designed,  Artsy   Spontaneous,  Unbalanced,  Stylistically  Recessive   Self-­‐Conscious  and  Visually  Appealing   Imply  freedom  of  choice  (the  sky  is  the  limit)   Imply  enclosure  –  destiny  and  futility  of  will   Overly  used  –  they  seem  sloppy   Overly  Used  –  seems  pretentious  and  controlling      11.  Framing:      Is  the  framing  Tight  or  Loose?    Can  characters  move  freely  without  impediments?    Or  are  they   constrained  by  the  frame  and/or  accompanying  elements  within  the  frame?      12.  Depth:      On  how  many  levels  is  the  composition  constructed?    Does  positioning  in  the  Foreground,  Background,   and  Midground  mean  something  and  how  do  these  depths  comment  on  each  other?      13.  Character  Placement:      What  part  of  the  frame  do  characters  occupy  (Center,  Top,  Bottom,  Edges)  and  why?        14.  Staging  Positions:      Which  way  do  the  characters  look  in  relation  to  the  camera?    What  does  this  imply?     There  are  five  basic  positions,  frequently  suggesting  corresponding  visual  cues.     • Full  Frontal  (Facing  the  Camera):    The  most  intimate.    The  character  invites  are  sympathy.    But  this  can  be   uncomfortable  to  the  audience  –  as  we  are  force  into  the  scene.        This  stance  vis-­‐à-­‐vis  the  camera  can  also  be   highly  confrontational.    A  character  seems  most  powerful  and  threatening.   This  study  sheet  accompanies  (and  draws  heavily  from)  the  Louis  Gianetti  Text,  Understanding  Movies,  12th  Edition,  with  additional  contributions  from  the  ISP  IB  Film  II  class  of  2011.   • The  Quarter  Turn  (between  Full  Frontal  and  Profile):    The  favored  angle  of  most  shots.    It  still  provides  a  high   degree  of  intimacy  without  the  emotional  involvement  of  our  being  brought  into  the  scene.   • Profile:    Our  attachment  is  more  remote.    The  character  seems  unaware  of  being  observed,  and  is  lost  in  his/her   own  thoughts.    Here,  action  and  relation  to  the  scene  or  other  characters  is  emphasized  over  any  emotional  state   (after  all  –  we  can’t  see  the  eyes…  the  window  to  the  soul  and  the  revealer  of  inner  thoughts).   • The  Three-­‐Quarter  Turn  (between  Profile  and  Back-­‐To-­‐Camera):    More  Anonymous.    Useful  for  showing  a   character’s  unfriendly  or  antisocial  feelings.    The  character  rejects  our  interests  as  an  audience,  and  shuts  us  out   somewhat.       • Back-­‐To-­‐Camera:    We  can  only  guess  what  is  taking  place,  so  it  conveys  a  sense  of  concealmente  and  mystery  –  a   total  detachment  from  the  audience.    We  want  to  see  more,  but  we  can’t.      15.  Character  Proxemics:      How  much  (or  little)  space  exists  between  characters?    How  does  this  define  relationships?     • Intimate:  From  skin  contact  to  about  8  inches  away.    Love,  confort,  tenderness.    However  it  can  also  imply  the   opposite  when  and  INTRUDER  maintains  an  intimate  proximity  to  the  central  character.    That’s  just  creepy.   • Personal:  1  to  4  feet  away.        Friends,  Family,  Acquaintances.    Here,  personal  distances  preserve  the  privacy   between  individuals,  but  they  do  not  suggest  exclusion  of  outsiders  (as  intimate  proxemics  do).   • Social:  4  feet  to  12  feet  away.    Business  and  Social  Gatherings.      A  friendly  range,  but  with  somewhat  more   formality.      Note  how  these  relationships  are  often  discussed  as  relative  to  each  other  –  for  example,  Intimate   proxemics  between  two  characters  in  a  “social”  scene  come  across  as  standoffish  –  exclusionary.   • Public:  12  feet  -­‐  ?      This  is  more  about  the  LACK  of  relationship  than  the  relationship.    Characters  may  have   common  interest  in  needs,  but  no  real  personal  relationship  to  others  in  the  scene.    (Think  separate  tables  at  a   restaurant.)    Displays  of  high  emotion  are  considered  bad  form  at  these  distances.      People  generally  must   exaggerate  their  gestures  and  raise  their  voices  to  be  understood  clearly.      
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