Chinese History: Key Figures and Events in Chinese Politics and Warfare, Quizzes of Asian literature

Download Chinese History: Key Figures and Events in Chinese Politics and Warfare and more Quizzes Asian literature in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) DEFINITION 1 Who: founded by Mao What: Chinese communists were seeking definite class support among urban workers, poor peasants and students. Where: in Paris and Shanghai When: Started in 1921 TERM 2 Hong Xiuchuan/ Xiuquan DEFINITION 2 Who: religious prophet and leader of the Taiping Rebellion What: He established the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace with capital Nanjing and attained control of significant parts of southern China, at its height ruling over about 30 million people. The theocratic and militaristic regime instituted several social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialization, suppression of private trade, and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism and Chinese folk religion by a peculiar form of Christianity, holding that Hong Xiuquan was the younger brother of Jesus Christ Where: capital Nanjing When: 1814- 1864 TERM 3 Jiang (Chiang) Jieshi DEFINITION 3 Who: political and military leader of 20th century China. He was an influential member of the GMD and Sun Yat-sen's close ally. Eventually he took over suns place as leader of GMD. What: In 1928, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's overall leader. He served as chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948. Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Nationalist Government's power severely weakened, but his prominence grew. Chiang's Nationalists were engaged in a long standing civil war with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). After the Japanese surrender in 1945, he attempted to eradicate the CCP. Ultimately, bolstered by support from Soviet Russia, the CCP defeated Chiang, forcing the Nationalist government to retreat to Taiwan. Where: throughout china When: 1887 1975 TERM 4 Most-Favored Nation Clause DEFINITION 4 Who: Britain, France, US, Russia What: all nations were treated equal; this made it so none of the treaties could ever be changed. Until every country agreed to a revision of a treaty-it would not change. This was a treaty that allowed all foreign powers to equally share whatever privileges they could squeeze out of china. Where: All of china When: 1842-1943 Why: it was part of the new treaty system which began after the treaty of Nanjing in 1842. All of these foreign countries needed a way to keep treaties in order and keep them equal (equal treaties) and keep China the weaker power. TERM 5 Li Hongzhang: DEFINITION 5 Who: younger coadjutor of Zeng Guofan What: set up an arsenal at Shanghai to make guns and gunboats. Li explained that the foreigners domination of China was based on the superiority of their weapons. He felt that China needed to learn to use Western machinery and training of Chinese Personnel. He founded the China Merchants Steam Navigation Company in 1872 which subsidized to carry the tribute rice from the Yangzi delta to feed the capital. Where: Shanghai When: 1823-1901- 19th century TERM 6 Sino-Japanese War DEFINITION 6 Who: Japan, Li Hongzhang What: There was a rebellion in Korea and both china and japan show up and they fight over who had the right to be there. most thought china was supposed to win, but Li Hongzhang knew differently. They had been building up their navy but then in the 1880s the funds were diverted to build a empress dowagers new summer palace. Only North China army and fleet were involved against Japan. One of the first Modern Naval Battles was during this war: off the Yalu River, and Chinese fleet went down. Japan won every single battle. Where: Off the Yalu River When: 1894-5 Why: the fault of this war lies deeper than the dynasty but fault lay on the imperial monarchy instead because of its superficiality of the administration, and its constitutional inability to be a modern central government. TERM 7 Consular Jurisdiction DEFINITION 7 Who: all countries controlling china What: the Chinese can arrest a foreigner but they must turn them over to their country for punishment. This was part of the Extra Territoriality. Westerners only have to obey western laws when in China. Where: china When: 1840s TERM 8 Henry Puyi DEFINITION 8 Who: the last Emperor of China, and the 12th and final ruler of the Qing Dynasty What: ruled until the end of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War. Emperor at the age of 2 years in December 1908 after the Guangxu Emperor died Where: China When: 1906 1967 TERM 9 Opium Wars DEFINITION 9 Who: British officials and Hong merchants (brokers) What: the opium trade was causing a monetary crisis involving silver imports and copper cash production in china. British Official was sent to China because London ended the East India Company Monopolists. China wanted to stop opium trade and how to deal with the official. Official refused to deal with Hong Merchants and wanted to talk directly to emperor. There was several years of argument and uncertainty. Didnt know if they could destroy Chinese smugglers or restrict the trade of british with their gunboats. They thought about legalizing it. Lin suppressed Chinese in Guangzhou but then he had to barricade foreigners in their factories to give up their current stock of opium which started the war. -In half a dozen engagements along the SE coast, Britains gunboats won the opium war if 1839-1842 and secured Qing agreement to the treaty of Nanjing in August of 1842 Where: ports in china When; 1839-1842 and??????? TERM 10 Zhang Zoulin DEFINITION 10 What: the warlord of Manchuria from 1916 to 1928. He successfully invaded China proper in October 1924. He gained control of Beijing, including China's internationally recognized government, in April 1926. The economy of Manchuria, the basis of Zhang's power, was overtaxed by his adventurism and collapsed in 1927-1928. Zhang was defeated by the Nationalists under Chiang in 1928. He was murdered by a bomb planted by a Japanese army officer. Although Zhang had been Japan's substitute in China, Japanese militarists were infuriated by his failure to stop the advance of the Nationalists. Zhang was fiercely anti- communist and supported restoration of the Qing monarchy. Where: Manchuria When: 1875-1928 TERM 21 Northern Expedition DEFINITION 21 Who: Jing Jeshing What: comprised of 6 main armies including jiang jeshis nationalist and russia beat around 34 warlords in S. China. By 1928 the forces took control of Beijing renaming it Beiping. Where: from Guangzhou to the Yangzi Valley When: 1928 TERM 22 Zhou Enlai DEFINITION 22 Who: Maos previous superior of the CCP and later chief supporter. What: he did not seek leadership but specialized in persuasion and in a sense was a leader by keeping leadership together. He represented CCP;s foreign minister and representative to world press. He was the main negotiator with the GMD government during the various attempts to reach some form of cooperative agreement When: 1898 1976 TERM 23 100 Day Reform DEFINITION 23 Who: Guangxu When: 1898 What: 103 days from June 11 to September 21, 1898, the Qing emperor, Guangxu ordered a series of reforms aimed at making sweeping social and institutional changes. Stamping out corruption and remaking, among other things, the academic and civil- service examination systems, legal system, governmental structure, defense establishment, and postal services. The edicts attempted to modernize agriculture, medicine, and mining and to promote practical studies instead of Neo-Confucian orthodoxy. The court also planned to send students abroad for firsthand observation and technical studies TERM 24 Zeng Guofan DEFINITION 24 when: 1811 - 1872who: Han Chinese official, military general, and devout Confucian scholar what: attempting leadership in self-strengthening, Zeng raised the Xiang Army to fight effectively against the Taiping Rebellion and restored the stability of Qing Dynasty TERM 25 Rape of Nanging DEFINITION 25 Who: Japanese invaded China What: went all out against China. China resisted but Japan looted, raped, and murdered many. the Japanese launched a second front at the city of Shanghai on the eastern coast of China. Here they were slaughtered. Rape of Nanking (now called the Nanjing Massacre) which is the best documented of Japanese atrocities in China owing to the presence of Western observers who were eyewitnesses to the mass slaughter, rape and looting that the Japanese inflicted on the unfortunate population of the Chinese capital (Nanking) Where: what is now Beijing When: 1937 TERM 26 Three Principles of the People DEFINITION 26 Who: Sun Yat-sen What: comprised of Nationalism, Peoples rights or democracy, and Peoples Livelihood. The principles that Sun Yat-sen believed that love is the most important. When: 1923where: china-a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation. TERM 27 Jiang Qing DEFINITION 27 Who: Maos wife What: was a movie star but then became politician Zedong's last wife and major Communist Party of China power figure.When: 20th century 1914 -1991 TERM 28 Tributary System DEFINITION 28 Who: Chinese emperorWhat: in order to trade with china, the foreign country needed to perform kowtow and offer a gift to even be considered able to trade. The middle kingdom was worthy. Then after the opium wars occurred and the new treaty came about, nobody wanted to perform these rituals to trade and kowtow was lost. Where: throughout china When 1840s TERM 29 Treaty Ports DEFINITION 29 What: designed places to trade part of the treaty of Nanjing in 1842. before the treaty there was only one and after there was 5. Each port was crowded, had a noisy waterfront and swarming with coolies which were foreign-hired business managers, they recycled them. Began to become more and more controlled by foreigners. Where: ports in china When: 1840s TERM 30 Song Jiaoren DEFINITION 30 A revolutionary leader in china who had combined revolutionary league member with small groups to make nationalist party What: won election in 1913 making song leader in parliament but assassinated in march by Yuans people. Political leader and a founder of the GMD. 1882 1913 TERM 31 Kang Youwei DEFINITION 31 Who: he was a scholar. He was an expert in Chinese classical tradition and making it present. He wants to escape non-Confucianism. Had ideas of evolution and progress. What: he was known for updating Confucian tradition Where: Guangzhou When: 1858 -1927 TERM 32 Mao Zedong DEFINITION 32 Who: leader of the CCP What: guerrilla warfare strategist. Marxism Maoism. He took land from landowners and gave it to people who didnt have any. (redistribution of land) He led during the 2nd Sino-Japanese war and against the GMD in civil war. Where: When: 1949-1976 TERM 33 Soong Ching-ling DEFINITION 33 Soong Ching-ling(1893-1981) Who: vice chairmen of the Peoples Republic of China What: first non-royal women to be head of state TERM 34 Sun Yat-sen DEFINITION 34 Who: father of Chinese nation. What: told students who returned from studying abroad that they are the future of china. He was put in charge of the revolutionary league in Tokyo in 1905 and later he was made the provisional president of the Republic of China in 1912. He sought help from the soviet union to put down the warlords in 1922 and his successor would be Jieng Jieshi the leader of GMD Where: Tokyo When : 20th century TERM 35 Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) DEFINITION 35 Who: Hong Xiaquan What: civil war He believed in shared property and sought a replacement for Buddhism and Confucianism. The Qing Dynasty won Where: Southern China Nanjing (the capital) When: 1850-1864