Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1-6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions, Exams of Nursing

Download Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1-6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions When a staff member asks the nurse what the cell nucleus does, how should the nurse respond? A primary function of the cell nucleus is: - correct answers regulation of cell division. A nurse is correct when stating that the nuclear structure that contains most of the cellular DNA is called the: - correct answers nucleolus A nurse recalls RNA is used to direct: - correct answers protein synthesis A patient has researched ribosomes on the internet. Which information indicates the patient has a good understanding? The chief function of ribosomes is to provide sites for: - correct answers protein synthesis A geneticist is teaching a class over DNA. Which information should be included? DNA contains: - correct answers the genetic code for all parts of the body. A nurse recalls adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are: - correct answers nitrogenous bases. A nurse remembers the triplet of base pairs necessary to code for a specific amino acid is called a: - correct answers codon. Which information by the nurse indicates a good understanding of the base components of RNA? The base components of RNA are: - correct answers A, G, C, and U. When the clinician is discussing the DNA helix, which information should be included? In the DNA helix, guanine pairs with: - correct answers cytosine. The clinician corretly refers to the process by which RNA is formed from DNA for protein synthesis as: - correct answers transcription. Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions Prior to translation, which of the following steps must occur? - correct answers DNA unzipping and complimentary base pairing (mRNA must be formed before it can be translated) A nurse recalls mutations can result in abnormal: - correct answers DNA, RNA, and proteins. Which of the following statements by a clinician about mutations is correct? - correct answers Mutations are alterations in normal DNA sequence. When a staff member asks a nurse what a karyotype is, how should the nurse respond? A karyotype is: - correct answers an ordered photographic display of a set of chromosomes from a single cell Which of the following types of genetic disorders is the most common cause of miscarriage? - correct answers Chromosomal A nurse is correct in saying that a somatic cell that contains a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called: - correct answers an euploid cell. When a nurse is discussing trisomy, which information should be included? Trisomy is a form of: - correct answers aneuploidy. Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome all manifest with which of the following problems? A. Severe mental retardation B. Congenital heart defects C. Sterility D. None of the above - correct answers D. None of the above Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions b. can bind with only large molecules. c. delivers protein to the cell's surface. *d. can bind with molecules called ligands.* Which is correct with regard to cellular energy? - correct answers a. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules b. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making ATP. *c. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.* d. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. The term "diffusion" is best described as: - correct answers *a. movement of a solute molecule from high to low concentration.* b. movement of water down a concentration gradient. c. transference of both water and a solute down a concentration gradient. d. mechanical pressure of water pushing against the cellular membrane. The appropriate term for an "energy-releasing process" is: - correct answers a. anabolism *b. catabolism* c. substrate. d. second messenger Which phase represents the period in which RNA and protein synthesis occurs? - correct answers a. G1 phase *b. G2 phase* c. M phase d. S phase Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions Which of the following are in the category of prokaryotes? (select three) - correct answers a. Fungi *b. Bacteria* *c. Rickettsiae* *d. Cyanobacteria* e. Protozoa Proteins have the ability to function as: (select four) - correct answers *a. transport channels* *b. enzymes that drive pumps* *c. cell surface markers* d. cellular synapses. *e. cell adhesion molecules.* Which term should the nurse use to describe the client's cellular structure that contains DNA? - correct answers Nucleus A client asks the nurse what the difference is between a gene and a chromosome. What is the nurse's best response? - correct answers A gene, which is the basic unit of inheritance, is contained within the chromosome. Which information from the staff indicates successful teaching by the nurse regarding adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? - correct answers Energy stored by carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is catabolized and transferred to ATP. A nurse is asked by a coworker which phase of the cell cycle is the longest. How should the nurse respond? - correct answers Interphase A nurse is describing individual bases found in DNA. Which base should the nurse include that is a double carbon-nitrogen ring? - correct answers Adenine Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions A nurse is teaching about the basic nutrients required for cellular metabolic processes. Which information indicates successful teaching? Select all that apply. - correct answers Fats Carbohydrates Proteins A nurse is describing the DNA subunit composed of one deoxyribose molecule, one phosphate group, and one base. Which subject is the nurse explaining? - correct answers Nucleotide A nurse is caring for a client with an X-linked recessive disease. The nurse is caring for which client? - correct answers Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Differentiation maturation - correct answers Cells become specialized through this process They each form a specific cellular function. Prokaryotes - correct answers Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), bacteria, and rickettsiae no organelles lacks a distinct nucleus No nuclear membrane. Histone - correct answers DNA binding protein Eukaryotes - correct answers Animal, plants, and human cells Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions Reactions require coenzymes Occurs in the mitochondria Ribosomes - correct answers RNA protein synthesize in nucleus Protein synthesize. Lysosome - correct answers Contain digestive enzymes (digest cellular fx to amino acid, fatty acids, and carbs) >40 enzymes Nutrient-dependent signal transduction sac-like originates golgi complex intracellular digestive system Mithochondria - correct answers Respiration takes place and energy is produced. Cellular fx: Movement - correct answers muscle cells generate force that produces motion cellular fx: conductivity - correct answers transmit response to stimuli through a wave of electrical impulse Nerve cells. cellular fx: metabolic absorption - correct answers intestines and kidneys Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions take up nutrients and other substances cellular fx: secreation - correct answers mucus synthesize substances and secreate new substance adrenal glands, testis, and ovaries cellular fx: excretion - correct answers rid themself of waste products resulting from metabolic breakdown of nutrients cellular fx: respiration - correct answers occur w/in cells mitochondria cellular fx: reproduction - correct answers all divide not all cells can reproduce itself. ex tissue growth cellular fx: communication - correct answers must communicate w/ each other to stay alive ex. insulin regulation blood glucose lvl.i in the body. Atrophy - correct answers Decreased size of cell. Hypertrophy - correct answers Increased size of cell. Hyperplasia - correct answers Increased number of cells. Anaplasia - correct answers Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures. Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions Liquifaction Necrosis - correct answers Dead cells liquify due to release of cell enzymes. Coagulative Necrosis - correct answers Cell proteins are altered or denatured. Fat Necrosis - correct answers Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids. Caseous Necrosis - correct answers A form of coagulative necrosis. Thick yellowish "cheesy" substance forms. Gangrene (there is also dry gangrene) - correct answers An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria. Which of the following adaptive changes is considered to be the most dangerous with regard to malignant changes: atrophy, dysplasia, metaplasia, hypertrophy - correct answers Dysplasia Which of the following situations is an example of hyperplasia? 1. Increase in size of heart of trained athlete 2. Thickening of gallbladder wall because of gallstones 3. Development of callus on laborers hands 4. Enlargement of prostate gland with age - correct answers 3 & 4 What is the term that describes failure of cells to develop specialized features? - correct answers anaplasia Which of the following changes will occur due to prolonged hypoxia? - correct answers atrophy Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions smoker stop smoking cells revert back Dysplagia - correct answers abnormal change in the size, shape and organization of mature tissue cells not cancer not considered a true cellular adaptation rather an atypical hyperplasia Transcription - correct answers process by which DNA specifies a sequence of mRNA RNA synthesized from DNA template Mediated by RNA cellular adaptation - correct answers adapt to their environment to escape and protect themselves from injury atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia epigenetics - correct answers study of heritable changes in gene expression or phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in DNA sequences. Action potential - correct answers nerve or muscle cells receive electro-chemical stimulus, cations enter cell causing rapid change in resting membrane potential Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions Action potential move along the cell plasma membrane and is transmitted to the adjacent cell. Translation - correct answers RNA directs synthesis of a polypeptide Pinocytosis - correct answers cellular ingestion of extracellular fluid and content by invagination of the cell membrane, then pinched off, forming a small vesicle. endocytosis - correct answers section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginate and separates from the plasma membrane forming a vesicle that moves into the inside of the cell. Nucleus function - correct answers primary fx cell division and control of genetic information replication and repair of DNA transcription of information stored in the DNA DNA polymerase - correct answers primary enzyme in replication Travels along a single strand, adding the correct nucleotides to the free end of the new strand. epigenetic mod: Histone modification - correct answers adding of various chemical group including methylation and acetylation epigenetic mod: DNA methylation - correct answers attachment of a methyl group to a cystone epigenetic mod: miRNAs or miRs - correct answers short nucleotides derived from introns of protein coding genes or transcribed as independent genes Autosomal recessive inheritance - correct answers Rare Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions most common CF Which of the following is TRUE regarding a eukaryotic cell? They: A. are smaller than prokaryotes B. contain organelles C. lack a nucleus D. are deficient in histones - correct answers B. contain organelles Feedback: A eukaryotic cell has a well-defined nucleus, as well as a set of membrane-bound intracellular compartments called organelles, and contains histones and DNA. Eukaryotes are larger and contain a more extensive intracellular anatomy than prokaryotes. The function of the histone in a eukaryotic cell is best described as: A. cell division B. cell movement C. ATP formation D. DNA supercoiling - correct answers D. DNA super coiling Feedback: The histones are the DNA-binding proteins and cause the folding of DNA into chromosomes called supercoiling. Histone function does not involve cell division, movement, or ATP formation. The outer membrane of the eukaryotic cell is also referred to as the: A. nucleolus B. plasmalemma C. cytoplasm D. cytosol - correct answers B. plasmalemma Feedback: The outer membrane can be called the plasmalemma or the plasma membrane. Cytosol is a component of the cytoplasm, which is one of the three components of a typical eukaryotic cell. Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions D. passive transport - correct answers A. symport Feedback: Symport describes two molecules moving simultaneously in one direction. When two molecules move in opposite directions, it is called antiport. Uniport is when a single molecule moves in one direction. Passive transport moves water and small electrically uncharged molecules through pores in the plasma membrane's lipid bilayer. Plasma proteins exert a force called: A. filtration pressure. B. hydrostatic pressure. C. oncotic pressure. D. hyperbaric pressure. - correct answers C. oncotic pressure Feedback: Oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by colloids such as plasma proteins. Filtration is the force that causes movement of water and solutes through the membrane and is independent of plasma proteins. Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. Hyperbaric pressure pertains to solutions that are more dense than the medium to which they are added. The process by which cells "drink" is referred to as: A. pinocytosis. B. phagocytosis. C. exocytosis. D. potocytosis. - correct answers A. pinocytosis Feedback: Pinocytosis, also called cell drinking, occurs when the cell ingests fluids and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles. Phagocytosis, also called cell eating, is the ingestion of large particles through formation of large vesicles. Exocytosis is a mechanism of cellular secretion, whereas potocytosis is the cellular uptake through the opening and closing of caveolae. The time period of the cell cycle during which RNA and protein synthesis occur is referred to as the: A. G1 phase. B. G2 phase. Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1- 6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions C. M phase. D. S phase. - correct answers B. G2 phase Feedback: The G2 phase occurs between the end of the S phase and the beginning of the M phase, and is the period when RNA and proteins are synthesized. The M phase includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division, whereas the S phase includes DNA synthesis. The G1 phase is the period between the M phase and the start of the S phase. Proteins have the ability to function as: - correct answers Transport channels, enzymes that drive pumps, cell surface markers, cell adhesion molecules