Motivational Interviewing: The Basics, OARS, Exams of Communication

Download Motivational Interviewing: The Basics, OARS and more Exams Communication in PDF only on Docsity! Motivational Interviewing: The Basics, OARS (Adapted from handouts by David Rosengren and from Miller & Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing, 2nd Edition, 2002) Motivational Interviewing is an “empathic, person-centered counseling approach that prepares people for change by helping them resolve ambivalence, enhance intrinsic motivation, and build confidence to change” (Kraybill & Morrison, 2007). Open questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summary reflections (OARS) are the basic interaction techniques and skills that are used “early and often” in the motivational interviewing approach. OARS: Open Questions Open questions invite others to “tell their story” in their own words without leading them in a specific direction. Open questions should be used often in conversation, but not exclusively. Of course, when asking open questions, you must be willing to listen to the person’s response. Open questions are the opposite of closed questions. Closed questions typically elicit a limited response such as “yes” or “no.” The following examples contrast open vs. closed questions. Note how the topic is the same, but the responses will be very different: • Did you have a good relationship with your parents? • What can you tell me about your relationship with your parents? More examples of open questions: • How can I help you with ___? • Help me understand ___? • How would you like things to be different? • What are the good things about ___ and what are the less good things about it? • When would you be most likely to___? • What do you think you will lose if you give up ___? • What have you tried before to make a change? • What do you want to do next? OARS: Affirmations Affirmations are statements and gestures that recognize client strengths and acknowledge behaviors that lead in the direction of positive change, no matter how large or small. Affirmations build confidence in one’s ability to change. To be effective, affirmations must be genuine and congruent. Examples of affirming responses: • I appreciate that you are willing to meet with me today. • You are clearly a very resourceful person. • You handled yourself really well in that situation. • That’s a good suggestion. • If I were in your shoes, I don’t know if I could have managed nearly so well. • I’ve enjoyed talking with you today. OARS: Reflective Listening Reflective listening is a primary skill in outreach. It is the pathway for engaging others in relationships, building trust, and fostering motivation to change. Reflective listening appears easy, but it takes hard work and skill to do well. Sometimes the “skills” we use in working with clients do not exemplify reflective listening, but instead serve as roadblocks to effective communication. Examples are misinterpreting what is said or assuming what a person needs. It is vital to learn to think reflectively. This is a way of thinking that accompanies good reflective listening. It includes interest in what the person has to say and respect for the person’s inner wisdom. Listening breakdowns occur in any of three places: • Speaker does not say what is meant • Listener does not hear correctly • Listener gives a different interpretation to what the words mean Reflective listening is meant to close the loop in communication to ensure breakdowns don’t occur. The listener’s voice turns down at the end of a reflective listening statement. This may feel presumptuous, yet it leads to clarification and greater exploration, whereas questions tend to interrupt the client’s flow. Some people find it helpful to use some standard phrases: • So you feel… • It sounds like you… • You’re wondering if… There are three basic levels of reflective listening that may deepen or increase the intimacy and thereby change the affective tone of an interaction. In general, the depth should match the situation. Examples of the three levels include: • Repeating or rephrasing: Listener repeats or substitutes synonyms or phrases, and stays close to what the speaker has said • Paraphrasing: Listener makes a restatement in which the speaker’s meaning is inferred • Reflection of feeling: Listener emphasizes emotional aspects of communication through feeling statements. This is the deepest form of listening.