Theories of Motivation: Instinct, Drive, Incentive, Arousal and Humanistic Approaches, Slides of Social Psychology of Emotion

Download Theories of Motivation: Instinct, Drive, Incentive, Arousal and Humanistic Approaches and more Slides Social Psychology of Emotion in PDF only on Docsity! LP 8A Theories of motivation 1 02/27/20 Motvation and Emotion Introduction: Motivation and Emotion • Instinct Theories • Drive Theories • Incentive Theories • Arousal Theories • Humanistic Theories Hunger and Eating • Energy Homeostasis • Signals That Regulate Eating • Long-Term Signals That Regulate Body Weight • Excess Weight and Obesity Psychological Needs as Motivators • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Affilation and Achievement • Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory Emotion • The Function of Emotion • The Subjective Experience of Emotion • The Neuroscience of Emotion • The Expression of Emotion Theories of Emotions • The James-Lange Theory of Emotion • Cognitive Theories of Emotion PSYCH FOR YOUR LIFE: Turning Your Goals into Reality LP 8A Theories of motivation 2 02/27/20 Motivation Motivation: The biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces that activate and direct behavior (page 292). Emotions are a primary source of motivation. Theories of motivation have three characteristics (page 292). (1) They activate behavior. (2) There is a level of persistence to achieve a particular goal. (3) There is intensity in the vigor of the behavior. LP 8A Theories of motivation 5 02/27/20 Motivation Do our motives or our reasons for engaging in a behavior make a difference? In the research on prejudice: • People who attend church with extrinsic motives (meet people, socialize, etc.) rate higher on prejudicial attitudes. • People who attend church for intrinsic motives (search for knowledge and understanding, way of living, etc.) and atheists rate the lowest on prejudicial attitudes. In the research on creativity: • People who are intrinsically motivated, tend to be more creative. o And much more likely to achieve more o And more likely to develop expertise in an area • People who are extrinsically motivated (reinforcements are external to the individual—money), tend to be less are less creative. The research on achievement motivation • Those who strive to learn as much as they can are more likely to succeed in college than those who are motivated to avoid looking bad. LP 8A Theories of motivation 6 02/27/20 Motivation: Theories of Motivation Motivation: The biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces that activate and direct behavior (page 292). Theories of Motivation Instinct Theories Drive Theories Incentive Theories Arousal Theories Humanistic Theories $$ $$ LP 8A Theories of motivation 7 02/27/20 Instinct Theories Just as animals display instinctive behavioral patterns, such as migration or mating behaviors, human behavior is thought be motivated by innate instincts or genetic programming. Instinct theories say that people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming. Examples of Instincts Proposed by Instinct Theorists • Instinct theory describes and labels behavior and relies on circular reasoning. • While instinct theories seem logical, these labels and descriptions do not explain behavior. In addition, we don’t have enough genes to account for every behavior and motivation. People try to use instincts to “explain” ones behavior, but it rarely does. LP 8A Theories of motivation 10 02/27/20 Drive Theories When a particular behavior reduces a drive, the behavior becomes negatively reinforced when the same need state arises again. Drive theories have a hard time explaining behavior that increase tension such as gambling, running a marathon, playing in competitive events, why we engage in risky behavior, or watch suspenseful movies. In addition, drive theories have difficulties explaining why we eat when we are not hungry. LP 8A Theories of motivation 11 02/27/20 Incentive Theories Behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals and rewards such as rewards, money or recognition. $$ “You’ll get your fair share. Not no sad 7%” This approach is based heavily on operant learning theory (behavior is based on the expectation of consequences such as reinforcements or punishments, Chapter 5), and hence testable. Reinforcements ____________ behavior Punishments ____________ behavior LP 8A Theories of motivation 12 02/27/20 • If we think we will be reinforced for the behavior, we are motivated to engage in that behavior. • If we think we will be punished for the behavior, we are motivated to avoid that behavior. Incentives are good for motivating behavior, • but incentives are not that good for promoting creativity (see chapter 9). • In addition, beyond a certain level increasing pay does not increase job satisfaction. We are also reinforced for avoiding things that hurt or make us feel bad. This could be a good thing if keeps us safe in the long run such as avoiding cliffs and tigers, but could be a bad thing if keeps us from avoiding anxiety provoking situations (discussing politics or religion) or helps us in the long run (visiting a dentist). LP 8A Theories of motivation 15 02/27/20 Arousal Theories Arousal and Task Complexity For easy tasks that are more automatic and well practiced, arousal and stress enhances performance, while for difficult tasks that require conscious effort, arousal and stress impair performance. LP 8A Theories of motivation 16 02/27/20 US Airways pilot Chesley “Sulley” Sullenberg, Feb 2009 LP 8A Theories of motivation 17 02/27/20 Arousal Theory, Social Perception and the Workplace I was at Burger King the other day around noon. The person taking lunch orders appeared to be very "stressed out", made several mistakes and was having a hard time dealing with the mistakes. I’m glad I managed to get my order in so I don’t have to wait in line like all those other people. She said, "I normally do not take the orders, but work in the back." I quickly thought to myself, “What incompetent person—she’s messing everything up. It’s a good thing I am not that incompetent. Even if I make mistakes, it is because someone isn’t doing their job”. • Where is the example of arousal theory? • What are the implications for training regarding arousal theory?