Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) - Humoral Immunity, Exams of Nursing

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MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which of the following is not an external defense mechanism of natural immunity that provides the human body with a defense against invading microorganisms? - Correct Answer ✅Bursa of Fabricius All of the following are external defense mechanisms of natural immunity that provides the human body with a defense against invading microorganisms - Correct Answer ✅Skin, mucus, and body fluids Having an elevated temperature during an infection is an example of what type of immunity? - Correct Answer ✅Innate immunity Which defense mechanism involves engulfing foreign particles? - Correct Answer ✅Phagocytosis Which one plays an important role in making bacteria susceptible to osmotic lysis? - Correct Answer ✅Lysozymes MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which one of the following is responsible for the nonspecific killing of tumor cells? - Correct Answer ✅Natural killer cells Which one of the following is capable of eliciting an immune response? - Correct Answer ✅Immunogen Receiving a vaccination is an example of which type of immunity? - Correct Answer ✅Artificial active immunity Which immune response is mediated by antibiotics? - Correct Answer ✅Humoral immunity Which one of the following is considered to be a primary lymphoid organ? - Correct Answer ✅Thymus Which organs or systems are capable of responding to circulating antigens with the production of specific lymphocytes and plasma cells? - Correct Answer ✅Lymph nodes and spleen MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which one of the following is associated with the humoral immune response? - Correct Answer ✅Plasma cells Which cells are identified by the presence of surface immunoglobulin receptor? - Correct Answer ✅B cells Which B lymphocytes transform into cells that produce antibody molecules? - Correct Answer ✅Plasma cells Which WBCs migrate to the tissue and become macrophages? - Correct Answer ✅Monocytes Which one of the following cells ingest and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, and tumor cells? - Correct Answer ✅Macrophages What is the main function of polymorphonuclear WBCs - Correct Answer ✅Phagocytosis MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions What is the major histocompatibility complex? - Correct Answer ✅The genes that control the expression of the HLA antigens The major histocompatibility complex is important in all of the following: - Correct Answer ✅Autoimmune disease associations, organ transplantation, paternity testing The major histocompatibility complex is important in all of the following EXCEPT: - Correct Answer ✅Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions Which of the following is not a class I gene product? - Correct Answer ✅HLA-DR The following are class I gene products? - Correct Answer ✅HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C All of the following are class II gene products: - Correct Answer ✅HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions All of the following are class II gene products EXCEPT: - Correct Answer ✅HLA:DD Which term describes a macromolecule that is capable of eliciting formation of immunoglobulins? - Correct Answer ✅Antigen Which of the following substances is the most potent antigen? - Correct Answer ✅Proteins What are the reactive sites on an antigen known as? - Correct Answer ✅Determinants What does heterologous antigen react with? - Correct Answer ✅An antibody whose production it did not induce What term is used to describe an immunoglobulin? - Correct Answer ✅Antibody MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is associated with a secretory component? - Correct Answer ✅IgA Which of the following represents the relative concentration of immunoglobulins in decreasing order in normal serum? - Correct Answer ✅IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE Which immunoglobulin plays a role in hypersensitivity? - Correct Answer ✅IgE Measurement of serum levels of which of the following immunoglobulins can serve as a screening test for allergies? - Correct Answer ✅IgE What is the basic immunoglobulin structure? - Correct Answer ✅2 light chains + 2 heavy chains Fc is which fragment of the antibody molecule? - Correct Answer ✅Crystallizable MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions The area of the immunoglobulin molecule referred to as the hinge region is located between which domains? - Correct Answer ✅CH1 and CH2 What is the first immunoglobulin class to appear in the primary response? - Correct Answer ✅IgM In the secondary response, which immunoglobulin increases rapidly? - Correct Answer ✅IgG A rapid antibody production to an elevated level that persist for a long time that follows repeated exposure to an antigen is seen in which phase of the immune response? - Correct Answer ✅Anamnestic response All of the following are functions of the complement system except which one? - Correct Answer ✅Involved in the production of antibodies MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions All of the following are functions of the complement system: - Correct Answer ✅Involved in the inflammatory response, primary humoral mediator of antigen-antibody reactions, essential part of body defense against bacteria and viruses. Which region of the immunoglobulin is responsible for antigen binding? - Correct Answer ✅Variable region In the structure of immunoglobulins, which region contains the disulfide bridge? - Correct Answer ✅Constant region Antibody class is determined by the antigenic variation found primarily in which region? - Correct Answer ✅Constant region of the heavy chain How many IgG subclasses are there? - Correct Answer ✅4 Which of the following is a proteloytic enzyme that fragments IdG in three fragments? - Correct Answer ✅Papain MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions What is the end product of complement activation? - Correct Answer ✅Cell lysis Antigen-antibody binding is affected by all of the following EXCEPT which one? - Correct Answer ✅Enzyme concentration Antigen-antibody binding is affected by all of the following: - Correct Answer ✅pH, temperature, length of the incubation Which reaction is caused by an IgG antibody binding to the surface of a red blood cell causing a reversible reaction? - Correct Answer ✅Sensitization Combination of soluble antibody with soluble antigen to produce insoluble complexes is the principle of which method? - Correct Answer ✅Precipitation What causes a prozone reaction? - Correct Answer ✅Antibody excess MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions The optimal ratio, when the most antibody is precipitated by the least amount of antigen, is referred to as which one of the following? - Correct Answer ✅Zone of equivalence When a precipitation reaction is converted to an agglutination reaction by increasing the size of the antigen, what is the test then referred to as? - Correct Answer ✅Indirect agglutination What are hemagglutination tests? - Correct Answer ✅Agglutination tests in which the antigens are located on the RBCs Patient serum is incubated with a virus, followed by RBCs known to be agglutinated by the virus. If the serum contains the antibody to the virus, the virus is neutralized and agglutination of the RBCs is inhibited. What method uses this principle? - Correct Answer ✅Hemagglutination inhibition MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Effective phagocytosis occurs in the presence of which of the following? - Correct Answer ✅Opsonins How are monoclonal antibodies prepared? - Correct Answer ✅Fuse B lymphocytes with a plasma myeloma cell Hybridomas are formed from which one of the following? - Correct Answer ✅B lymphocytes All of the following are limitations of monoclonal antibodies from a hybridoma EXCEPT which one? - Correct Answer ✅Can be adapted to many immunological binding assays All of the following are limitations of monoclonal antibodies from a hybridoma: - Correct Answer ✅React with only one antigenic determinant on a multivalent antigen, are not good in precipitation of hemagglutination assays, do not cross-link to form a precipitate MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions In double radial diffusion, which of the following shows that the antigens are identical? - Correct Answer ✅Line of fusion, line of segregation, lines of partial intersection A combination of electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion is referred to as which immunological technique? - Correct Answer ✅Immunoelectrophoresis In CIE, an electrophoretically abnormal protein displaced from the normal position may be recognized by which pattern? - Correct Answer ✅"Gull wing formation" Immunoelectrophoresis is used to identify which one of the following? - Correct Answer ✅Bence-Jones protein Electroimmunodiffusion is directed movement of antigen or antigen and antibody in which type of media? - Correct Answer ✅Semisolid media MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions What is another name for one-dimensional single electroimmunodiffusion? - Correct Answer ✅Rocket electrophoresis In which technique following electrophoresis, instead of being placed in a trough, is the antiserum applied directly to the plate using strips of agarose or cellulose acetate? - Correct Answer ✅Immunofixation Why have enzyme immunoassays replaced radioimmunoassays? - Correct Answer ✅There are hazards and regulations associated with radioimmunoassay. Which of the following fluorochromes gives a minimal false reading? - Correct Answer ✅Fluorescein isothiocyanate Which fluorochrome gives off a red emission at 580 nm? - Correct Answer ✅Tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which of the following is the energy source of fluorescence microscopes? - Correct Answer ✅Mercury vapor lamp Which fluorochrome can be used in fluorescent staining techniques to give an exceedingly bright fluorescence to rapidly identify microorganisms in tissue or culture? - Correct Answer ✅Biotin-avidin In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which of the following can be attached to a solid phase support (e.g. polystyrene)? - Correct Answer ✅Antibody or antigen In ELISA, what is the antihuman globulin conjugated with? - Correct Answer ✅Horseradish peroxidase Which immunoglobulin is measured in the radioallergosorbent (RAST) test? - Correct Answer ✅IgE Complement fixation tests contain which two systems? - Correct Answer ✅Test and indicator systems MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Inactivation of sera for serological tests is performed for what purpose? - Correct Answer ✅Destruction of complement If the interval between heating serum for the VDRL test and testing exceeds 4 hours, how long should the serum be reheated for? - Correct Answer ✅56 degrees C for 10 minutes What is the serum:antigen ratio in any VDRL test? - Correct Answer ✅3:1 If the VDRL test shows small clumps of antigen with many free particles, how should it be reported? - Correct Answer ✅Weakly reactive When is the quantitative VDRL test performed - Correct Answer ✅To titer reactive and weakly reactive results MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which of the following represents the reported titer in a quantitative VDRL test? - Correct Answer ✅Highest dilution giving a reactive result Which statement is true regarding the RPR test? - Correct Answer ✅It does not require the inactivation of serum Which test for syphilis uses plastic-coated cards? - Correct Answer ✅RPR What is the antigen used in the RPR test? - Correct Answer ✅Cardiolipin with added charcoal The RPR antigen needle will deliver how many drops? - Correct Answer ✅60 drops/mL The RPR test is rotated at what speed for what length of time? - Correct Answer ✅100 RPM for 8 minutes MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which one of the following is a requirement of the Treponema pallidum immobilization test? - Correct Answer ✅Living Treponema pallidum Which of he following serves as the absorbent in the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test? - Correct Answer ✅Treponema pallidum, Reiter strain The FTA-ABS test is used to identify which of the following in the patient's serum? - Correct Answer ✅Treponemal antibody What is the purpose of the antibody conjugate (anti- immunogobulin with a fluorescein isothiocyanate label) in the FTA-ABS test? - Correct Answer ✅Makes the antigen- antibody reaction visible Which test is less likely to be reactive in primary and early secondary syphilis? - Correct Answer ✅MHA-TP MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions What type of RBC is used in the Paul-Bunnell heterophil antibody test? - Correct Answer ✅Sheep RBCs In the heterophil antibody test, which of the following constitutes a positive reaction? - Correct Answer ✅Agglutination Which statement describes Forssman antibodies? - Correct Answer ✅Absorbed by guinea pig kidney antigen What is the principle of the Davidsohn heterophil antibody test? - Correct Answer ✅Differentiates three types of heterophil antibodies The Davidsohn differential test uses what type of blood cells? - Correct Answer ✅Horse Which antigen is used to determine the somatic antigenic grouping of enteric bacteria? - Correct Answer ✅O MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions In the Widal test, what does an elevated O titer indicate? - Correct Answer ✅Increase in agglutinins to Salmonella typhi The Weil-Felix test is used for the detection of which type of antibodies? - Correct Answer ✅Rickettsia What are the OX19 and the OX2 antigens? - Correct Answer ✅Strains of Proteus vulgaris What do the Widal and Weil-Felix tests detect? - Correct Answer ✅Febrile agglutinins Antibodies to Brucella abortus will cross-react with which other organism? - Correct Answer ✅Francisella tularensis The titer must be greater than 1:512 in order to diagnose which fungal disease? - Correct Answer ✅Aspergillosis The cryptococcal antigen test is rapidly replacing which lab test? - Correct Answer ✅India ink MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which of the following can interfere with the cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination test? - Correct Answer ✅Rheumatoid factor Which of the following antibodies is directed against the Fc portion of the IgG? - Correct Answer ✅Rheumatoid factor (RF) The rheumatoid factor (RF) latex slide test uses diluted patient's serum plus latex coated with which one of the following? - Correct Answer ✅Antihuman globulin (AHG) Which statement is true concerning the rheumatoid factor latex test? - Correct Answer ✅Synovial fluid may be the source of antibody RF is NOT diagnostic for: - Correct Answer ✅Rheumatoid Arthritis MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which method is used to serotype the herpes simplex virus (HSV)? - Correct Answer ✅Direct fluorescent antibody method Which of the following methods has a high degree of specificity when typing the herpes simplex virus (HSV)? - Correct Answer ✅Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Which of the following is the cause of chicken pox? - Correct Answer ✅Varicella zoster virus Which of the following is the most common serological test for varicella zoster virus (VZV)? - Correct Answer ✅Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can be diagnosed by which of the following serological tests? - Correct Answer ✅IgM and IgG antibody tests MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which test for cytomegalovirus has problems with false positives? - Correct Answer ✅Indirect immunofluorescence Which of the following is a good screening test for determining immunity to the rubella virus? - Correct Answer ✅IgG antibody test Which serological method is routinely used for rubella testing? - Correct Answer ✅Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test What is the most popular test for the diagnosis of Taxoplasma gondii? - Correct Answer ✅Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test The Mantoux skin test is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction? - Correct Answer ✅Type IV MT AAB Immunology Questions and Answers (latest Update 2024) Verified Solutions Which tumor marker is used to monitor ovarian cancer? - Correct Answer ✅CA 125 AIDS patients characteristically show a deficiency in which one of the following? - Correct Answer ✅T lymphocytes HIV infection is transmitted in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one? - Correct Answer ✅Sneezing and coughing What is the most commonly performed confirmatory method for HIV infection? - Correct Answer ✅Western blot Which of the following is a diagnostic laboratory test for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? - Correct Answer ✅< 200 CD4+ T cells Which disease results from a defect in neutrophils and is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections? - Correct Answer ✅Chronic granulomatous disease