Personality Theory and Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Personality Theory and Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 What is Personality? DEFINITION 1 A set of psychological characteristics that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across situations. TERM 2 Factor Analysis DEFINITION 2 Mathematical procedure used to analyze correlations among test responses. TERM 3 T/F: Cattell categorized thousands of terms to establish 16 main personality traits. DEFINITION 3 True TERM 4 What are the three superfactors from Eysenck? DEFINITION 4 Extroversion Neuroticism Psychoticism TERM 5 What are The Big Five personality domains (Hint: OCEAN) DEFINITION 5 Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism TERM 6 Is Allport's Trait Theory focused on individuals or group averages? DEFINITION 6 The Theory's focus is idiographic (On individuals, not group averages) TERM 7 Cardinal Traits DEFINITION 7 A trait that dominates one live and personality. Also known as a "ruling passion." Examples: Serve others, accumulate wealth TERM 8 Self-Report Inventories DEFINITION 8 These ask people to answer groups of questions about how they typically think, act, and feel. TERM 9 Projective Personality Tests DEFINITION 9 Projective tests ask people to interpret unstructured or ambiguous stimuli TERM 10 What are the differences between Self-Report and Projective tests? DEFINITION 10 Self-Report Tests are highly standardized, easy to score, reliable, and valid, but their accuracy depends on the accuracy and honesty of the person taking the test. Projective tests help people open up, talk about themselves, but interpretation of responses can vary widely across testers. TERM 21 Id DEFINITION 21 In Freud's theory, the portion of personality that is governed by inborn instinctual drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression. TERM 22 Superego DEFINITION 22 The portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance with the moral customs defines by parents and culture. TERM 23 Ego DEFINITION 23 The portion of personality that induces people to act with reason and deliberation, and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world. TERM 24 Iceberg Analogy DEFINITION 24 The Conscious Mind (Ego and Superego) is the small portion of the iceberg above the water. The remainder of the mind (Idealistic principle, reality principle, and Id pleasure principle) is below the water line in the unconscious mind. TERM 25 Defense Mechanisms DEFINITION 25 Unconscious processes used by the ego to ward off the anxiety that comes from confrontation, usually with the demands of the id. TERM 26 Repression DEFINITION 26 A defense mechanism used to bury anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings in the unconscious. TERM 27 Denial DEFINITION 27 One refuses to believe information that leads to anxiety TERM 28 Rationalization DEFINITION 28 Explanations are created to deal with threatening thoughts. TERM 29 Projection DEFINITION 29 Unacceptable wishes or feelings are attributed to others. TERM 30 Reaction Formation DEFINITION 30 You behave in a way that in counter to how you feel. TERM 31 Sublimation DEFINITION 31 Unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable activity. TERM 32 Psychosexual Development DEFINITION 32 Conflicts, memories, urges in unconscious mind come from experiences in childhood. TERM 33 What happens if one fails to move through a stage properly during Psychosexual Development. DEFINITION 33 The failure may lead to a fixation. TERM 34 Stages of Psychosexual Development DEFINITION 34 Oral Stage = First year Anal Stage = Second Year Phallic Stage = Ages 3-5 Latency Period = Ages 5 to Puberty Genital Stage = Puberty to adulthood TERM 35 Oral Stage DEFINITION 35 First Stage First Year Pleasure comes from sucking, putting things in mouth Fixation can cause overeating, smoking, nail-biting. TERM 46 Conditions of worth DEFINITION 46 The expectations or standards that we believe others place on us. TERM 47 Incongruence DEFINITION 47 A discrepancy between the image we hold of ourselves -- our self-concept -- and the sum of all our experiences TERM 48 Self-Actualization DEFINITION 48 The ingrained desire to reach one's true potential as a human being. TERM 49 Social Cognitive Approaches to Personality DEFINITION 49 An approach to personality that suggests it is human experiences, and interpretations of those experiences, that determine personality growth and development. TERM 50 Locus of Control DEFINITION 50 The amount of control that a person feels he or she has over the environment. TERM 51 Self-Efficacy DEFINITION 51 The beliefs we hold about our own ability to perform a task or accomplish a goal. TERM 52 Reciprocal Determinism DEFINITION 52 The idea that beliefs, behavior, and the environment interact to shape what is learned from experience. TERM 53 Criticisms of Social-Cognitive theories DEFINITION 53 Overemphasize how a person responds in particular situations rather than on traits of person as a whole. Underemphasize biological, genetic factors in development. TERM 54 Do people behave consistently across situations, or is behavior just determined by the situation? DEFINITION 54 Evidence suggests there's more consistency withing the same kind of situation, less across different situations. TERM 55 Self-Monitoring DEFINITION 55 The degree to which a person monitors a situation closely and changes his or her behavior accordingly. (People who are high self-monitors may not behave consistently across situations) TERM 56 Genetic Factors DEFINITION 56 Some traits are determined by genetics but are shaped by the environment. TERM 57 Social Cognition DEFINITION 57 The study of how people use cognitive processes to help make sense of other people as well as themselves.(AKA: The way people think about people) TERM 58 Social Schema DEFINITION 58 A general knowledge structure, stored in long-term memory, that relates to social experiences or people. TERM 59 Internal Attributions DEFINITION 59 Attributing a cause of a person's behavior to an internal factor such as a personality trait or a disposition. TERM 60 External Attributions DEFINITION 60 Attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external factor such as some outside event or situation in the environment. TERM 71 Explicit Prejudice (AKA: old-fashioned or overt prejudice) DEFINITION 71 The prejudice that is readily reported by people. TERM 72 Implicit Prejudice (AKA: Covert Prejudice) DEFINITION 72 The prejudice that isn't readily reported by people. People may have attitudes they don't even know are there until they manifest themselves. Example: A woman clinches her bag as she passes a black man walking down a street without even realizing it. TERM 73 T/F: Implicit prejudice predict non-deliberative acts. DEFINITION 73 True TERM 74 T/F: Explicit prejudice predict deliberate acts. DEFINITION 74 True TERM 75 Social Learning DEFINITION 75 We learn from our environment what to hate, what to love, and how to act. TERM 76 Illusory Correlations DEFINITION 76 Beliefs that incorrectly link two characteristics, such as race and a personality trait. TERM 77 What 4 things reduce prejudice? DEFINITION 77 Equal Status Common Goals Acquaintance Potential Norms TERM 78 Confronting prejudice leads to ____ prejudice responding in future interactions. DEFINITION 78 less TERM 79 Does suppression stereotypes work? DEFINITION 79 No. TERM 80 What forms attitudes? DEFINITION 80 Mere Exposure Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observation learning TERM 81 Peripheral Route DEFINITION 81 Cues that are irrelevant to the message can affect persuasion. Positive and Negative Cues Message Length Lack of Motivation and Ability TERM 82 Cognitive Dissonance DEFINITION 82 Tension produced when people act in a way inconsistent with attitudes. TERM 83 Self-Perception Theory DEFINITION 83 People use observations of own behavior as a basis for inferring their own beliefs. Example: If I told people a job was interesting, that must mean I like the job. TERM 84 Why are attitudes important? DEFINITION 84 They predict behavior. TERM 85 How can attitudes be measured? DEFINITION 85 Self-Reports Indirect Measures Implicit Measures TERM 96 Performance is impaired in social ___________. DEFINITION 96 Interference TERM 97 Altruism DEFINITION 97 Acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others. TERM 98 Bystander Effect DEFINITION 98 The reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are present. TERM 99 Diffusion of Responsibility DEFINITION 99 The idea that when people know (or think) that others are present in a situation, they allow their sense of responsibility for action to diffuse, or spread out widely, among those who are present. TERM 100 Social Loafing DEFINITION 100 Tendency to put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone. TERM 101 Deindividualization DEFINITION 101 The loss of individuality, or depersonalization, that comes from being in a group. TERM 102 Conformity DEFINITION 102 The tendency to comply with the wishes of the group; when people conform, their opinions, feelings, and behaviors generally start to move toward the group norm. TERM 103 Group Polarization DEFINITION 103 The tendency for a group's dominant point of view to become stronger and more extreme with time. TERM 104 Groupthink DEFINITION 104 The tendency for members of a group to become so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore and even suppress dissenting views. TERM 105 Obedience DEFINITION 105 The form of compliance that occurs when people respond to the orders of an authority figure. TERM 106 Western cultures promote an _______ view of the self. DEFINITION 106 Independent (Leads to devaluing conformity, obedience, altruism) TERM 107 Many non-Western cultures promote an ________ view of the self. DEFINITION 107 Interdependent (Culture strongly emphasizes belonging to, contributing to a collective) Japan TERM 108 What factors make a face attractive? DEFINITION 108 Evolutionary Perspective: Healthy looking Prototypicality: "Average" faces = Attractive Subject Components: Cultural preferences, experiences, etc. TERM 109 Criterion of abnormal behavior DEFINITION 109 Statistical Deviance: Infrequency among population Cultural Deviance: Violates excepted standards of society Emotional Distress: Behaviors that lead to personal distress Dysfunction: A breakdown in normal functioning TERM 110 Insanity DEFINITION 110 A legal term usually defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legal or moral sense, at the time of the crime. TERM 121 Panic Disorder DEFINITION 121 A condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread. TERM 122 Agoraphobia DEFINITION 122 An anxiety disorder that causes an individual to restrict his or her normal activities. TERM 123 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder DEFINITION 123 An anxiety disorder that manifests itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts, called compulsions TERM 124 Social Anxiety Disorder DEFINITION 124 Intense fear of being watched, judged, and embarrassed in social situations. TERM 125 Phobic Disorder DEFINITION 125 A highly focused fear of a specific object or situation TERM 126 Somatoform Disorders DEFINITION 126 Psychological disorders that focus on the physical body. TERM 127 Hypochondriasis DEFINITION 127 Long-lasting preoccupation with idea that one has a serious disease, based on misinterpretation of normal body reactions. TERM 128 Somatization Disorder DEFINITION 128 A long-lasting preoccupation with body symptoms that have ni identifiable physical cause. TERM 129 Conversion Disorder DEFINITION 129 The presence of real physical problems, such as blindness or paralysis, that seem to have no identifiable physical cause. TERM 130 Dissociative Disorders DEFINITION 130 A class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from precious thoughts or memories. TERM 131 Dissociative Amnesia DEFINITION 131 A psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important personal information. TERM 132 Dissociative Fugue DEFINITION 132 A loss of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home. TERM 133 Mood Disorders DEFINITION 133 Prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state. TERM 134 Major Depressive Episode DEFINITION 134 A type of mood disorder characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms. TERM 135 Bipolar Disorder DEFINITION 135 A type of mood disorder in which the person experiences disordered mood shifts in two directions - from depression to a manic state. TERM 146 A person with Schizophrenia has too ______ (much or little) Dopamine. DEFINITION 146 To much Dopamine TERM 147 T/F: Schizophrenia is associated with enlarged ventricles. DEFINITION 147 True TERM 148 Do some people inherit predispositions toward developing disorders? DEFINITION 148 Yes. If you have an identical twin with Schizophrenia, you have a 1 in 2 chance of also developing the disorder. Similar patterns for depression and bipolar disorder. TERM 149 Learned Helplessness DEFINITION 149 A general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail in their attempts to control their environment. May contribute to depression TERM 150 Causes of Cognitive Disorders DEFINITION 150 Our beliefs and styles of thought, such as maladaptive attributions and a sense of hopelessness. TERM 151 Biomedical Therapies DEFINITION 151 Biologically based treatments for reducing or eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders. TERM 152 Antipsychotic Drugs DEFINITION 152 Medications that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. TERM 153 What do most antipsychotic drugs act on? DEFINITION 153 Dopamine TERM 154 Do antipsychotics act as antagonists, which means they _________ the action of neurotransmitters in the brain. DEFINITION 154 block/prevent TERM 155 Antidepressant Drugs DEFINITION 155 Medications that modulate the availability or effectiveness of the neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders. TERM 156 Most antidepressant modulates _____. DEFINITION 156 Serotonin TERM 157 Antianxiety Drugs DEFINITION 157 Medications that reduce tension and anxiety TERM 158 Antianxiety Drugs act on ______. DEFINITION 158 GABA TERM 159 Electroconvulsive Therapy DEFINITION 159 A treatment used primarily for depression in which a brief electric current is delivered to the brain. TERM 160 ECT is controversial because... DEFINITION 160 Unclear exactly how or why it works Causes confusion, loss of memory Relapse rate is high TERM 171 Behavioral Therapies DEFINITION 171 Treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques TERM 172 Systematic Desensitization DEFINITION 172 A technique that uses conterconditioning and extinction to reduce the fear and anxiety that have become associated with a specific object or event. TERM 173 Aversion Therapy DEFINITION 173 A treatment for replacing a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus. TERM 174 Token Economy DEFINITION 174 A type of behavioral therapy in which patients are rewarded with small tokens when they act in an appropriate way. TERM 175 Virtual Reality Therapy works? DEFINITION 175 True, researchers have found that they can decrease the intensity and duration of an anxiety reaction. TERM 176 Punishment DEFINITION 176 Behavior can be changes by teaching people about the direct consequences of their behavior. TERM 177 Spontaneous Remission DEFINITION 177 Improvement in a psychological disorder without treatment - that is, simply as a function of the passage of time. TERM 178 Meta-Analysis DEFINITION 178 A statistical technique used to compare findings across many different research studies; comparisons are based on some common evaluation measure, such as the difference between treatment and control conditions. TERM 179 Common Factors Across Psychotherapies DEFINITION 179 Support Factors: Empathy, Acceptance Learning Factors: Feedback, New Ideas Action Factors: Specific suggestions for action