NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024, Exams of Nursing

Download NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 What is the purpose of the scientific method? - Correct Answer The scientific method is an organized way to study the natural world and find out how it works. What are the steps of the scientific method? - Correct Answer Ask a Question. Do Background Research. Construct a Hypothesis. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion. Communicate Your Results. Distinguish between independent and dependent variables - Correct Answer An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. Distinguish between control and experimental groups - Correct Answer An experimental group is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the test variable. Distinguish between hypothesis and theory. - Correct Answer A hypothesis is an attempt to explain phenomena. It is a proposal, a guess used to understand and/or predict something. A theory is the result of testing a hypothesis and developing an explanation that is assumed to be true about something. Define Anatomy and Physiology - Correct Answer Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Identify the six levels of organization (chemical, tissue, etc.) - Correct Answer 1) Chemical Level 2) Cellular level NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 3)Tissue level 4)Organ level 5)Organ system level 6) Organismal level Identify the requirements for life: - Correct Answer 1. Reproduction 2. Response/reaction to environment 3. Metabolism 4. Growth. Identify survival needs: - Correct Answer survival needs (5): nutrients, oxygen, water, stable body temperature, and atmospheric pressure What is homeostasis? - Correct Answer The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions. What are the basic mechanisms of homeostasis? - Correct Answer - Homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components: receptor, control center, and effector. - The receptor senses environmental stimuli, sending the information to the control center. - The control center, generally the brain, signals an effector (e.g. muscles) to respond to the stimuli. - Positive feedback enhances or accelerates output created by an activated stimulus. - Negative feedback brings a system back to its level of normal functioning such as adjusting blood pressure, metabolism, and body temperature. Anatomical position - Correct Answer Anatomical position is the description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance. In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward. SUPERIOR - Correct Answer ABOVE THE HEAD IS SUPERIOR TO THE NECK INFERIOR - Correct Answer BELOW THE NECK IS INFERIOR TO THE HEAD NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 umbilical - Correct Answer belly button area carpal - Correct Answer wrist area digital - Correct Answer finger area pubic - Correct Answer genital region patellar - Correct Answer anterior knee crural - Correct Answer inferior to knee on the front of the leg tarsal - Correct Answer along the front of the foot around the ankle cephallic - Correct Answer head area occipital - Correct Answer posterior side of the head deltoid - Correct Answer back of the shoulder, curve of the shoulder scapular - Correct Answer upper back vertebral - Correct Answer the spine area coxal - Correct Answer hip area inguinal - Correct Answer groin area NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 femoral - Correct Answer thigh area fibular - Correct Answer lateral part of the leg sacral - Correct Answer posterior landmark area between hips sural - Correct Answer posterior surface of lower leg plantar - Correct Answer sole of the foot area Popliteal - Correct Answer posterior knee area Olecranal - Correct Answer posterior surface of the elbow gluteal - Correct Answer butt area calcaneal - Correct Answer heel of the foot Midsagittal Plane - Correct Answer Midsagittal Plane cut made down the median plane of the body (or organ), and the right and left parts are equal in size Frontal Plane - Correct Answer cut made along a lenghtwise plane that divides the body (or organ ) into anterior and posterior parts. Coronal Section - Correct Answer another term for frontal plane NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 transverse plane - Correct Answer cut made along a horizontal section, dividing the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts. cross section - Correct Answer another term for transverse plane cranial cavity - Correct Answer space inside the bony skull. Dorsal body - Correct Answer consists of cranial cavity and spinal cavity Spinal Cavity - Correct Answer Extends from cranial cavity and surrounds the spinal cord and vertebra Epigastric region - Correct Answer superior to the umbilical region hypogastric region - Correct Answer inferior to the umbilical region Right iliac (inguinal) region - Correct Answer lateral right hand side of the hypogastric region Left iliac ( inhuinal) region - Correct Answer lareral left hand side of the hypogastric region Right and left lumbar regions - Correct Answer lateral to the umbilical region Right and left hypochondriac regions - Correct Answer lateral to the epigastric region ventral body cavity - Correct Answer contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen, that is the visceral organs thoracic cavity - Correct Answer seperated by diaphragm, superior area of venrtral body cavity NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 Define monomer and polymer; identify their relationship. - Correct Answer Monomer means "one unit," while polymer means "many units." A polymer is a string of monomers strung together. Monomers are building blocks of polymers. The four major classes of organic compounds: - Correct Answer The four major classes of organic compounds are nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. These compounds are found in every living organism. Describe protein three-dimensional structure and its role in protein function - Correct Answer Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a protein molecule. Proteins are polymers — specifically polypeptides — formed from sequences of monomer amino acids. The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence. Second, the function of a protein depends upon its three-dimensional structure Identify specific types of organic compounds and their functions: - Correct Answer - Nucleic Acids: Information molecule,Molecule of heredity, Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis immediate source of energy for cellular work -Lipids: Components of membranes, Long term energy storage, Insolation -Carbohydrates: Short term energy source, Transport form in animal Long term energy storage -Proteins: Organic catalyst, Digestive enzymes, Structural protein in hair, Structural protein in skin List the components of the cell theory - Correct Answer -All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. -The cell is the basic unit of life. -Cells arise from pre-existing cells. Basic requirements for cellular life: - Correct Answer - Transport of molecules NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 - Conversion of Energy - Reproduction Describe the cell cycle - Correct Answer here are three main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Ctyokinesis. Interphase: - G1(Growth 1): The cell grows to accomodate new genetic information - S(synthesis): The cell duplicates its DNA for the two daughter cells - G2(Grwoth 2): The cell grows once again for there to be enough cytoplasm for the daughter cells Mitosis: -Prophase: Chromatin is organized into chromosomes, two centrosomes move to the poles of the cells, and the nuclear envelope breaks down -Prometaphase: The nuclear envelope is gone, the spindle fibers start to form, and the chromosomes start to move towards the equator of te cell -Metaphase: The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell -Anaphase: The chromosomes are split apart into chromatids by the spindle fibers and are starting to be pulled to opposite poles NAS 2 TCC study guide with Best Explanations Latest Update 2023-2024 -Telophase: The chromatids are enveloped in a new nuclear envelope in the two new daughter cells making two seperate nuclei Cytokinesis: The cells cytoplasm splits and forms the two new daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell. Both have their own nucleus and DNA. Mitosis - Correct Answer The process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell. Describe DNA structure and replication - Correct Answer -DNA is arranged into a double helix structure where spirals of DNA are intertwined with one another continuously bending in on itself but never getting closer or further away -DNA replication is the process in which DNA is copied. It occurs during the synthesis (S) phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle. DNA replication begins when an enzyme, DNA helicase, breaks the bonds between complementary bases in DNA Transcription and Translation - Correct Answer Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. Cellular Respiration and difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration: - Correct Answer Cellular respiration is a special process where cells produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). There are two types of cellular respiration, namely aerobic and anaerobic.