NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+, Exams of Nursing

Download NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ why is chemical energy needed by cells? - Correct Answerto maintain homeostasis Define cell respiration - Correct Answerthe mechanism for harvesting energy from fuel molecules; the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP what is the function of the reduced coenzymes? - Correct AnswerThey are used to transfer energy to another compound Describe the function of oxidation-reduction reactions in the synthesis of ATP. - Correct AnswerThe reaction that transports energy to reduced coenzymes for synthesis of ATP How are hydrogen atoms involved the redox reactions? - Correct AnswerWhen redox reactions take place they usually involve the loss of hydrogen atoms. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ What happens to the energy stored within the newly formed reduced coenzyme? Why is this referred to as phosphorylation? - Correct AnswerPhosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule. Name the four steps in cell respiration - Correct Answer1. Glycolysis, 2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, 3. Krebs cycle, 4. Electron transport chain Why is glycolysis "anaerobic" while the other three pathways are "aerobic." - Correct AnswerBecause oxygen is not required to generate ATP during glycolysis. Where does glycolysis occur? - Correct Answerin the cytosol Two ATP molecules are used to split a glucose molecule. ATP is actually gained through glycolysis, however. How much ATP is produced by this process and what is the net gain? - Correct Answer4 ATP gross, 2 net NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ What is a by-production of the ETC reaction - Correct AnswerWater as the H- is released and combined w/ oxygen Define Chemiosmosis - Correct Answerthe process by which ATP is produced as hydrogen ions move down their concentration gradient. What protein enzyme is involved in chemiosmosis? - Correct AnswerATP Synthase Why is ATP construction an example of an anabolic reaction? - Correct Answersimpler molecules are built up into more complex molecules to form ATP. Why is breaking down larger and more complex food molecules an example of catabolism - Correct AnswerCatabolism is breaking down larger, more complex molecules in order to harvest energy from them. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Identify the two different types of reactions involved in energy transfer. - Correct Answer1. Oxidation & reductions reactions - produce reduced coenzymes which receive energy from high energy fuel molecules. 2. ATP generation reactions - produce ATP which stores the energy harvested from the reduced coenzymes. Describe an oxidation reaction and explain an example involving this energy transfer process - Correct AnswerOxidation liberates energy in the form of H atoms from high energy fuel molecules. An example is the conversion of lactic acid into pyruvic acid. Describe a reduction reaction and explain an example involving this energy transfer process. - Correct AnswerReduction transfers the liberated energy to a molecule Define phosphorylation - Correct Answeradding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ What is the role of the coenzyme in the oxidation-reduction process? - Correct Answerthe coenzyme is used to transfer energy to ADP which then become ATP. What is the energy store in the NADH coenzyme used to accomplish? - Correct AnswerThe energy is used to catalyze reactions that will form ATP. Various hormones regulate nutrient metabolism. Generally describe what happens during the absorptive State. - Correct AnswerNutrients originate from the digestive system and are either oxidized or stored What happens during the post-absorptive state? - Correct Answernutrients are mobilized from a variety of storage sources During the absorptive state, what causes insulin levels to increase? - Correct AnswerIncreased Glucose elevation levels after a meal NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ If fasting continues, alternatives to glucose are accessed for energy production. Identify some of these sources. - Correct AnswerFatty acids, lactic acid, amino acids, keytone bodies, and muscle glycogen. What are the net results of glucagons, cortisol, and ANS hormones during the postabsorptive state? - Correct AnswerProduction of glucose from the breakdown of glycogen, proteins, and fats. Oxidation of other fuel sources. Define metabolic rate - Correct AnswerThe overall rate at which metabolic reactions use energy How is body temperature maintained at a stable homeostatic level? - Correct AnswerMetabolic rate - balancing the loss of heat to the environment with the rate it is produced by the body Name five factors that affect body metabolic rate. - Correct AnswerIncreased exercise, increased thyroid hormones, increased NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ sympathetic ANS stimulation, increased body temperature (fever), Food consumption. Thermoregulation is maintained with a negative feedback loop. Where does this loop begin? - Correct AnswerThermoreceptors throughout the body. Describe the role of the anterior neuron group. - Correct Answercontrols heat balance Describe the role of the preoptic neurons - Correct Answerintegrate signals that come from thermoreceptors Describe the role of heat regulating centers - Correct Answercontrol heat loss and heat production NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ What is the preoptic center response to overheating - Correct AnswerInhibits the heat-promoting center and stimulates the heat losing center Describe blood vessel response to stimulation from the heat-losing center. - Correct AnswerBlood vessels dilate allowing greater amounts of warmed blood into the skin. How does sweat result in something of a cooling radiator effect somewhat to a car system? - Correct AnswerThe evaporating sweat cools the skin, which cools the blood, that is re-circulated in the body. What is the preoptic center response to overcooling? - Correct AnswerStimulates the heat-promoting center and inhibits the heat losing center. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ What are the functions of the pericentriolar area and the centrioles? - Correct AnswerServe as the center for organizing microtubules in non- dividing cells and for forming the mitotic spindle. Explain lysosome functions. - Correct AnswerDigest substances that enter the cell via endocytosis; digests worn out organelles, can digest an entire cell, extracellular digestion. How are peroxisomes similar and how are they different from lysosomes? - Correct AnswerThey are similar in structure, but peroxisomes are smaller and contain enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances. Describe the function of Smooth ER - Correct AnswerSynthesizes phospholipids, fats & steroids NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Describe the function of Rough ER - Correct AnswerSythesizes proteins for secretion, synthesizes phospholipids, and forms new membranes for cellular structures. Describe Nucleus function - Correct AnswerContains the genetic material (DNA) and the RNA needed for coding proteins. What is the importance of the cytosol? - Correct AnswerIt is the fluid responsible for the transport of dissolved substances. It is also the site for most enzymatic reactions. Explain the various functions of the plasma membrane. - Correct Answer1. conducts enzymatic reactions. 2. provides transport of molecules. 3. provides communication between cells. 4. Provides cell identification. 5. forms cell junctions for tissues. Explain mitochondria function. - Correct AnswerGenerates ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Describe ribosome function. - Correct AnswerFree ribosomes synthesize proteins used within the cell. Membrane bound ribosomes synthesize proteins destined for insertion in plasma membrane or export from the cell. Describe the plasma membrane function of importing. - Correct AnswerNeeded for maintenance of the metabolic process of the cell. It is also needed for normal cell function. Describe the plasma membrane function of exporting. - Correct AnswerSends molecules out of the cell after they are produced. Describe the plasma membrane function of communicating. - Correct AnswerWhen a substance from one cell induces the transport of chemicals across the plasma membrane of another cell. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Explain how solute concentrations determine water concentrations. - Correct AnswerMore ions result in lower water concentration; less ions result in higher water concentration Define isotonic solutions. - Correct AnswerHas the same amount of ions in both solutions so the water moves in equal directions. Define hypertonic solutions - Correct AnswerIonic solution is high allowing water into the cell. Define hypotonic solutions - Correct AnswerIonic solution is low pushing water out of the cell. Describe primary active transport mechanisms using the sodium- potassium pump as an example. - Correct AnswerA membrane pump used to maintain electrochemical gradients in neurons. Requires ATP. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Define secondary active transport. - Correct AnswerUses previously established gradient of Na or hydrogen ions to move other chemicals. How does secondary active transport maintain low calcium concentrations in the cytosol and/or absorption of nutrients into the cell? - Correct AnswerIn many cells, antiporters move calcium out of the cell while sodium flows in. This maintains the low calcium concentration in the cytosol. Describe phagocytosis. - Correct AnswerThe "eating cell" is a common form of endocytosis. It helps protect the body against disease. It binds w/ a lysosome to digest the bacteria. Describe pinocytosis. - Correct AnswerThe "drinking cell" drinks extracellular fluids and solutes. It then binds with a lysosome where the solutes are digested. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Describe receptor mediated endocytosis - Correct AnswerImports needed material into the cell via the use of receptors What is the function of exocytosis? - Correct AnswerA method of vesicular transport that moves large volumes of fluid or chemicals out the cell. The cells remove waste products resulting from endocytosis. Describe the cellular importance of protein synthesis. - Correct AnswerProtein synthesis is the primary function of many cellular structures. Proteins determine a cell's appearance and function. Where does the protein synthesis begin? - Correct AnswerIn the nucleus What is chromatin? - Correct AnswerThe diffuse mass in the nucleus where DNA is found. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ How are proteins used that are produced by Ribosomes on the Rough ER? - Correct AnswerProteins are used in the plasma protein or secreted from the cell for use outside of the cell. Define a codon and its function in protein synthesis. - Correct AnswerIt is a complementary sequence of 3 nucleotides and specifies a particular amino acid and the start and stop codes for protein synthesis. Primary structure of a polypeptide. - Correct AnswerIs genetically determined Secondary structure of a polypeptide - Correct AnswerIs a repeated twisting or folding Tertiary structure of a polypeptide - Correct Answeris a the 3 dimensional shape of the polypeptide chain NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Modified protein - Correct Answerthe polypeptide must be modified before it becomes active. It is sent to the golgi complex to be modified and packaged. How are cellular enzymes handled after being modified in the Golgi complex? - Correct AnswerThey are stored in lysosomes. How are membrane proteins handled after being modified in the Golgi complex? - Correct AnswerThey are moved to the plasma membrane How are secretory proteins handled after being modified in the Golgi complex? - Correct AnswerThey are transported through the plasma membrane. Summarize the function of "connecting" cellular proteins. - Correct AnswerConnect cells together in tissues. NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Summarize the function of the Membrane transport of cellular proteins. - Correct AnswerResponsible for the transport of chemicals Summarize the function of intercellular communication of cellular proteins. - Correct AnswerCommunication between cells via hormones and neurotransmitters. Summarize the function of body move by cellular proteins. - Correct AnswerMovement of the body and fluids via contraction of muscles. Summarize the regulation of cellular proteins - Correct AnswerRegulation of the production of other chemicals by enzymatic action. Lister - Correct Answeraseptic surgery Hooke - Correct Answercell theory, observed cells in plant material NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Microorganisms used for insect control are... - Correct Answerspecific for the insect pest. Classification of organisms in the three domains is based on... - Correct AnswerType of cell Bacteria - Correct AnswerLack nuclear membranes, unicellular Prokaryotes - Correct Answerorganisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus Eukaryotes - Correct Answerorganisms that do have a membrane bound nucleus Chemotherapy - Correct Answertreatment of disease with chemicals Pathogen - Correct Answerdisease causing NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ Vaccine - Correct Answera preparation of microorganisms Penicillin - Correct Answerantibiotic Normal microbiota - Correct Answerare not harmful...naturally occurring in the body Biotechnology - Correct Answerthe use of living organisms to make desired products recombinant DNA technology can be used to create - Correct Answervaccines, human hormones, pharmaceutical drugs, pest- resistant crops You are observing a cell through a microscope and note that it has no apparent nucleus. You conclude that it most likely.. - Correct Answerhas a peptidoglycan cell wall NAS Exam #2 Best Explained 2023 Update Rated A+ A nucleated green cell that moves by means of flagella is an - Correct AnswerAlga An agent that reproduces cells but is not composed of cells and containes RNA as its genetic material is a - Correct AnswerVirus A multicellular organism that has chitin cell walls and absorbs organic material is a - Correct AnswerFungus A multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives in an animal houst is a - Correct AnswerAlga In the name Escherichia coli, coli is the - Correct AnswerSpecific epithet A multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives in an animal host is a - Correct AnswerHelminth